Unit 6 APHUG Vocab

site

the relationship between a city and the physical environment and landscape in which it is located (specific spot)

situation

the relationship between a city and the rest of the urban system in which it is located (where is it in relation to another place/building)

urbanization

the process by which the population of urban settlements grows

business services

the purpose of this is to facilitate the activities of other businesses (ex. transportation services, financial services, etc)

consumer services

the purpose of this is to provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them (ex. retail, health, education)

public services

the purpose of this is to provide security and protection fir citizens and businesses (ex. police, construction)

service

any activity that fulfills a human need or want and returns money to those who provide it

settlement

a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

megacity

a very large city, typically with a population of more than 10 MILLION PEOPLE (ex. tokyo, japan )

metacity

often centers of innovation and creativity, and they often have a significant influence on global trends and issues - major political, economic, and cultural centers on the globe (ex. london) - POPULATIONS OVER 20 MILLION

world city (global)

a dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy: center of the flow of information and capital (ex. new york city, london, tokyo)

borchert model of urban growth

focuses on the development of cities in relation to the development of transportation and communication

central place theory

helps to explain how the most profitable location can be identified - the idea was proposed in 1930 but was further developed in the 1950s

food desert

an area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store or healthy foods - defined as more than one mile away due to the fact that these residents most likely do not own cars

gravity model

a model that predicts the optimal location of a service and is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it

law of the primate city

the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement - (example: mexico, its largest city is mexico city and it is 5 times larger than is second largest settlement, Guadalajara)

market area/hinterland

the surrounding area of a service from which customers are attracted

range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service - typically the radius of a circle drawn to delineate a services market area

rank-size rule

population of a settlement that is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy

threshold

the minimum number of people needed to support a service - every enterprise has a minimum number of sales required to generate profit

urban hierarchy

ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy

central business district (CBD)

downtown is the most popular term of this area but it can aso be known as _____ ________ _____ to geographers

qualitative data

non-numeric information, such as in-depth interview transcripts, diaries, anthropological field notes, answers to open-ended survey questions, audio-visual recordings and images

quantitative data

data that can either be counted or compared on a numeric scale

african city model

a generalized diagram of an urban area in sub-Saharan Africa that contains pre-colonial, European colonial, and post-colonial elements and is or was segregated by race

bid rent theory

a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases

burgess concentric-zone model

a city grows outward form a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings of a tree

census tract

urban areas in the US are divided into these and each contain approximately 5,000 residents and correspond to neighborhood boundaries

disamenity zones

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are commonly controlled by gangs and drugs

edge cities

the nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway - originated as suburban residences for people who worked in the central city and then shopping areas were built to be near the residents

galactic city model (peripheral model)

an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and service nodes tied together by a beltway or ring road

harris-ullman multiple-nuclei model

the theory that a city is a complex structure that includes more that one center around which it revolves

high density housing

real estate developments that have a higher population than average

hoyt sector model

developed in 1939 - a city develops in a series of sectors - as the city grows, activities expand outward in a sector from the center

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

latin american city model

a combination of elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones

low density housing

residential areas occupied primarily by single-family homes or buildings with a small number of units

medium density housing

a category of residential development that falls between detached suburban housing and large multi-story buildings

southeast asian city model

features high-class residential zones that stem from the center, middle-class residential zones that occur in inner-city areas, and low-income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery

zones of abandonment

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons - lack of desirable features in this area

boomburbs

an outlying residential community of a city that is expanding and growing rapidly

decentralization

the transfer of control over an activity or organization to several local groups instead of one single one

exurbs

a district outside of a city, beyond the suburbs

fragmentation (of governments)

the process of breaking or being broken into smaller, separate parts

greenbelts

an area of open land outside of a city that has laws saying building is restricted

infilling

development of vacant areas within existing urban areas

megacities

a large city, typically with a population over 10 million

megalopolis

a greek word meaning a “great city” - is very heavily populated

mixed land use

the integration of residential, commercial, and industrial land uses that allows them to all work together and function together

new urbanism

a planning and development approach based on the principals of how cities and towns had been built for the past several centuries - promotes being environmentally friendly

slow growth cities

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl

smart growth (policies)

legislation’s and regulations that have been made to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland

sprawl

the development of suburbs at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

suburb

a residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city

suburbanization

a population shift from central urban areas to the suburbs of a city

sustainable design initiatives

the plan to reduce negative impacts on the environment, and the health and comfort of building occupants, thereby improving building performance

transportation oriented development

a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport

urban growth boundaries

a regional boundary, set in an attempt to control urban sprawl by mandating the area inside the boundary be used for urban development and the area outside be preserved in its natural state or used for agriculture

walkability

a term for planning concepts best understood by the mixed-use of amenities in high-density neighborhoods where people can access said amenities by foot - USE LESS CARS!!

zoning ordinance (practices)

a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

blockbusting

a business practice in the united states in which real estate agents and building developers convinced white residents in a particular area to sell their property at below-market prices “for fear of another ethnic group moving in”

brownfields

real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant

de facto segregation

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farmland protection policies

law made by the governments that protects farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use

filtering

when houses pass from one social group to another as new housing is built and higher incomes move into it, leaving behind older housing stock for lower incomes

gentrification

the process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents

inclusionary zoning

municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes - the planning of housing ordinances and new constructive

local food movements

movements that aim to connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region, to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to affect the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place

redlining

a racially discriminatory and, now, illegal practice of devaluing homes in racially mixed or neighborhoods with few or no white residents

squatter settlements

a collection of buildings aimed to provide housing and shelter for poor people in a city - the people living in these do not have legal rights on the land and therefore live there illegally usually without sanitation and other basic household needs

urban renewal

the redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums