102 Chapter 25 Practice Quiz Norton Textbook

________ was an artist who advocated for socialism during the interwar years.

Käthe Kollwitz

The Bolsheviks were able to begin consolidating their power in Russia by negotiating a separate peace with the Germans and ending their involvement in the First World War with the Treaty of

Brest-Litovsk.

Who were the "Whites"?

royalist opponents of the revolutionary communists in Russia

Although Lenin wanted to establish, for the short term, a state-capitalist economic system in Russia that resembled the successful European wartime economies, the necessities of the civil war pushed the government to a more radical economic system known as

war communism

Which of the following was the most prominent beneficial effect of the New Economic Policy (NEP)?

the recovery of Russian agriculture to prewar levels of prosperity

Collectivization was expected to be a gradual process, but

in 1929, the Politburo began issuing orders to use force against peasants who resisted.

Stalin's first Five-Year Plan included

rapid industrialization that even resulted in the building of entire new cities.

To what does the term gulag refer?

forced-labor camps populated by political prisoners of Stalin's government

The Moscow-White Sea Canal

was constructed without the use of any machinery.

Which of the following describes a way in which Stalin's "Great Terror" undermined its own successes?

In trying to take direct control over economic and political life, Stalin managed to eliminate many of the most talented elements in Soviet society.

Who were the Red Leagues?

socialist agrarian groups in Italy that attempted to break up large estates and reduce rents

How did Mussolini manage the Italian state's long-standing conflict with the Catholic Church?

by staging a public reconciliation with the Church, including independence for the Vatican in 1929

Fascism, as a political form of government developed in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s,

rested on the principles of statism, nationalism, militarism, and an economy that fully supports the government while remaining free.

Following Mussolini's economic policies of the 1920s, Italy's plight during the Great Depression was

no different than any other country in Europe during the 1930s.

During the unstable period following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, many armed bands grew in number and influence. Among them were the Freikorps, who were

anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and antiliberal.

The 1919 election in the Weimar Republic resulted in a coalition government of

socialists, Catholic centrists, and liberal democrats.

Regarding Germany, the Treaty of Versailles

led to policies that caused hyperinflation in Germany.

A new system of war reparations for Germany, which was intended to ease the financial strain, was known as the

Dawes Plan.

The Locarno Treaties of 1925

recognized the legitimacy of the French-German border.

One reason for the increase in support for the National Socialist Party in Germany in elections in the early 1930s was the work of the party's propagandist,

Joseph Goebbels.

Which of the following statements best describes the way Nazi propagandists tried to portray Hitler?

a charismatic leader with magnetic energy who would act as a bulwark against communism and cultural pollution

The ________ in 1933 led to Hitler being given unlimited power.

Reichstag fire

Who was/were the SA?

the paramilitary arm of the Nazi Party, which engaged in intimidating acts of public violence

Nazi Germany stressed its legitimacy by fostering traditional German values such as

motherhood through their encouragement of women to leave the workplace and assume their "proper" role as mothers and wives.

The Nuremberg Decrees of 1935

deprived Jews of German citizenship.

During the 1920s, the British government's policy of deflation contributed to the election of

the first Labour Party government in 1924, and another in 1929.

The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that recovery from the Great Depression required first abandoning the

idea of a balanced budget.

Under Franklin Roosevelt, the New Deal

included an American Social Security program, among other initiatives.

The Ogallala Aquifer

will take 6,000 years to refill, once empty.

Increased water use in the Soviet Union during the 1960s resulted in

the steady shrinking of the Aral Sea.

The poet ________ presented a philosophy in his poetry that bordered on despair: life is a living death, to be endured as boredom and frustration.

T. S. Eliot

With the Great Depression came a wave of politicized literature in the 1930s notably exemplified by

The Grapes of Wrath.

Many novelists, poets, and dramatists were disillusioned by the First World War. American author Ernest Hemingway's ________ is an example of a work that captures the mood of this era.

The Sun Also Rises

As Hitler's handpicked architect, ________ was tasked with the rebuilding of the entire city of Berlin.

Albert Speer

By the 1930s, ________ provided a new platform for politicians to reach mass audiences, resulting in new political rituals and a new means of political communication and persuasion.

radio

UFA (Universum Film AG) ran the largest and best equipped movie studios in

Germany

Fritz Lang, one of the greatest German film directors, is known for his films M and

Metropolis.

Many Europeans found the new mass culture of the 1920s disturbing because

of the increased influence of the United States and its culture.

In 1940, one of the greatest American film personalities, Charlie Chaplin, made The Great Dictator as a

parody of Nazi pomposities.

The "March on Rome" is part of the story of how fascists came to power in Italy. While this has been mythologized by the fascists themselves, which of the following best describes what happened?

Thousands of fascists gathered on the outskirts of Rome and king Victor Emmanuel III called on Mussolini to form a new government. Following this, the fascists paraded through Rome.

The foremost cause of the decline of Western European democracies in the interwar period was

disruptions to the worldwide economy.

In Germany, Russia, and Italy, the decline of democratic institutions during the interwar period was marked by the

rise of new authoritarian dictatorships.

Fascism first appeared in ________, under the leadership of former socialist ________.

Italy; Benito Mussolini

Fascism in Italy created a mobilized, yet more passive, citizenry. An example of a political activity that the fascist regime in Italy encouraged to make people feel involved was

participating in a political rally or parade.

The "November Revolution" of 1918

resulted in the kaiser's abdication and the creation of a new German republic.

After failing to overthrow the state government of Bavaria in 1923, Hitler wrote ________ while in prison.

Mein Kampf

Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933

by appointment from president Paul von Hindenburg, who hoped to create a conservative coalition government.

Nazi racism drew on a revived and particularly violent form of

Social Darwinism.

In November 1938, the SA destroyed Jewish stores, killed nearly a hundred Jews, and terrorized thousands more in what became known as the Night of

Broken Glass

The dust storms that plagued the United States during the 1930s were caused by a combination of ________ and ________.

man-made changes to the environment; drought

By the 1960s, the Aral Sea had been reduced to a toxic salt plain because

most of the water was diverted away to irrigate cotton fields and bring more land into cultivation.

When it came to land use and conservation, the Soviet Union and the United States

both failed to consider long-term implications of changes to the environment in favor of using resources to increase production.

Anarchist peasant bands known as the _____ joined the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries in the Russian Revolution.

greens

An adherent to Mussolini's brand of fascism would agree with which of the following statements?

The state is always right and its power is absolute.

The Versailles treaty demanded that Germany cede a ______ of its territory.

tenth

The Locarno Treaties recognized the legitimacy of the border between

Germany and France

Following the election of 1930, which statement describes how Heinrich Brüning approached the rise of Hitler's Nazi party?

Failing to form a stable government, he used emergency decrees to rule.

Hitler's approach to managing the economy could be classified as

authoritarian

The Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson codified

legal segregation in the United States.

One consequence of the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan was

European economies became dependent on the health of the American economy.

Ernest Hemmingway's novel A Sun Also Rises describes a _____ generation.

lost

After 1928, the Nazi Party, guided by the chief propagandist, Joseph Goebbels,

outlined with force the negative critique of the Weimar Republic.

Post-First World War treaties allowed the Allied Powers to expand the size of their international holdings. Which nation is incorrectly paired?

Britain-Iran

Some artists of the 1920s and 1930s sought to express pain and outrage directly to a mass audience in graphic detail. Most notable among these artists were

Diego Rivera and Thomas Hart Benton.

In Mussolini's Italy, the economy was largely dependent on

private enterprise

The individual who was most identified with the NEP was

Nikolai Bukharin.

Stalin's campaign against the NEP opened the opportunity for him to

overthrow Trotsky

In Nazi Germany's attempt to blur class distinctions in order to infuse a new national spirit in all Germans, they created many organizations, such as the ________ for young children.

Hitler Youth

The first racially motivated policy of Nazi Germany was its law regarding

the forced sterilization of undesirables.

The original work in physics that eventually led to the development of the atomic bomb was done by

Albert Einstein

Which of these countries clung on longest to "laissez-faire" economics prior to and during the Great Depression?

the United States

Many in France feared that Léon Blum was the forerunner of a new French Lenin because he

used the power of the state to tightly regulate and control the economy.

What phrase best describes the early membership of Mussolini's fasci?

young, ardently nationalist idealists

The dadaist art movement can be described as

random

Stalin's approach to interparty politics during his rise to power was to

isolate and expel his political opponents.

The term kulaks refers to

peasants hostile to collectivization.