Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Notes: Structural Organization and The Cell

Comprehensive flashcards covering anatomical terminology, physiological concepts, levels of structural organization, abdominopelvic regions, cellular biology, and epithelial tissue classifications based on lecture notes.

Anatomy

Derived from the phrase "to cut apart" and involves the study of structure.

Gross Anatomy

Anatomy that is visible to the naked eyes.

Surface Anatomy

The study of external structure.

Regional Anatomy

The study of the interrelationship in a specific region.

Systematic Anatomy

The study of discrete body systems.

Histiolgy

The micropic analis of disent tissue.

Cytolgy

The study of the structure and function of an individual cell.

Physiolgy

The study of nature and bodily function.

Situs Solis

The normal aragment of organs in the body.

sistius versus

A condition involving the reversed position of organs.

Sistus Pervus

A condition where one organ is atypically positioned.

Inspection

A method of study involving surface appearance.

Palpation

A method of study involving feeling the body.

Auscalation

A method of study involving lisenting to normal sound.

Percussion

A method of study involving tapping and lisenting.

Organ

A structure composed of $2$ tissue types combined to make a specific function; it has a recognizable shape.

Major Atoms in Human Body

Four major atoms: C, H, O, and N; $99\%$ of the human body consists of six atoms total.

Intergumentry System

Provides external body covering, protection, and sensation.

Skeletal System

Provides internal support and protection.

Respiratory System

Exchanges gas ($O_2$ and $CO_2$) with the environment.

Digestive System

Responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food and the elimination of undigestiable food.

Nervous System

A fast acting control system.

Endocrine System

Provides hormonal control via glands.

Anatomical Position

An erect stance with the palms facing forward.

Superior

A directional term meaning towards the head.

Infeior

A directional term meaning toward the feet.

Anteior

A directional term meaning front.

Prot:ser

A directional term meaning back.

Medial

A directional term meaning towards the midline.

Lateral

A directional term meaning away from the midline.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk.

Distal

Father from the trunk.

Frontal Plane

A body plane that separates the body into front and back.

Transverse Plane

A body plane that separates the body into top and bottom.

Sagitial Plane

A body plane that separates the body into left and right.

Obilique Plane

A diagonal cut between vertical and horizontal.

Parietal Membrane

The outer layer of a serous membrane.

Visceral Membrane

The inner layer of a serous membrane.

Epigastric Region

The region above the stomach; contains most of the pancreas and parts of the stomach, liver, duodenum, IVC, and abdominal aorta.

Hypochondriac Region

The region below the "cartilage"; contains the spleen and parts of the diaphragm, liver, kidneys, and pancreas.

Hypogastric Region

The region below the stomach, alternatively known as the pubic region; contains the urinary bladder and prostate.

Iliac Region

The region relating to the ilium (part of pelvis), alternatively called Inguinal; contains the appendix.

Somatic Cells

All other body cells besides sex cells; they are diploid with $46$ chromosomes and undergo mitosis.

Sex Cells

Sperm and egg cells; they are haploid with $23$ chromosomes and undergo meiosis.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Tight Junction

A seal located in the stomach and intestines.

Desmosomes

Cell junctions that resist stress; found in the skin and heart.

Gap Junction

Cell junctions for communication; found in the heart and smooth muscle.

Isotonic

A solution where there is no change in cell size.

Hypotonic

A solution where the cell swells or lyses; occurs when there is lower solute concentration outside the cell.

Hypertonic

A solution where the cell shrinks; occurs when there is higher osmosis and solute concentration outside the cell.

Mitochondria

The organelles that make ATP; consists of an outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that removes damaged cells and helps prevent cancer.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces or form glands; serves for protection, secretion, and absorption.

Connective Tissue

Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume; specialized to support, bind, and protect organs.

Goblet Cells

Wineglass-shaped cells that produce protective mucus over an epithelial surface.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

The most widespread epithelium in the body; occurs in keratinized (dry skin) and non-keratinized (moist) forms.

Urothelium

Also known as transitional epithelium; limited to the urinary tract (bladder and ureter) and stretches to allow filling.