Western Civ Q3 Exam Study Guide

railroads

The most important transportation development during the Industrial Revolution.

urbanization

The effect of the Industrial Revolution that caused cities to grow rapidly.

poor working conditions

A major negative impact of industrialization in factories.

Great Britain

The country where the First Industrial Revolution began.

James Hargreaves

The inventor of the Spinning Jenny, a key invention in the textile industry.

steam

The main source of power during the First Industrial Revolution.

steam engine

Its development impacted transportation by leading to the creation of railroads and steamships.

factory system

A system that centralized machines and workers in large buildings during the Industrial Revolution.

balance of power

The main purpose of the Concert of Europe, to maintain and prevent major wars.

Napoleonic Wars

The major event after which the Concert of Europe was created.

Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria

The original members of the Concert of Europe.

Crimean War

The war that marked the decline of the Concert of Europe.

unification of the Italian states and Germany

One major factor that contributed to the weakening of the Concert of Europe.

Otto Von Bismarck

The Prussian leader most responsible for German unification.

Danish War

The war Prussia fought against Denmark to assert dominance over German-speaking territories.

Austro-Prussian War

The war in which Prussia defeated Austria and gained control over northern Germany.

Franco-Prussian War

The war that led directly to the unification of Germany.

Ems Dispatch

The communication that Bismarck manipulated to provoke France into declaring war.

Wilhelm I

The first Kaiser of unified Germany.

Blood and Iron

The phrase most associated with Bismarck’s strategy for unification.

Realpolitik

Bismarck’s diplomatic approach aimed at uniting Germany through various means.

Austro-Prussian War

The war fought between Prussia and Austria.

Versailles

The location where the German Empire was officially declared.

Piedmont-Sardinia

The most powerful Italian state that led the unification movement.

Cavour

The Prime Minister who played a key role in Italian unification.

Garibaldi

The revolutionary leader who led the 'Red Shirts' in southern Italy.

Austria

The country that controlled much of northern Italy before unification.

Papal States

The final region to join unified Italy in 1870.

Emmanuel II

The first King of unified Italy.

1860

The year Garibaldi led a military campaign to conquer southern Italy.

Sicily

The first area conquered by Garibaldi and his Red Shirts.

Cavour, Garibaldi, Emmanuel II

Key figures who were part of the unification process in Italy.

White Man’s Burden

An ideology justifying European colonization of Africa and Asia.

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin’s survival of the fittest ideas to human societies.

Rudyard Kipling

The author of the poem 'The White Man's Burden'.

MAIN

An acronym describing the primary causes of rising tensions before World War I.

Balkan States

The region referred to as the 'Powder Keg of Europe' due to heightened tensions.

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The immediate cause of World War I.

Gravrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

defend Belgium’s Neutrality

The reason Britain entered World War I.

Austria-Hungary

The first country to declare war in World War I.

Blank Check

Germany's assurance of unconditional support to Austria.

Serbia’s ultimatum

The reason Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

protect Serbia

The reason Russia mobilized its army in 1914.

Belgian neutrality

Germany's violation of this led to Great Britain declaring war on Germany.

arms race

A major effect of militarism before World War I.

nationalism

The ideology that contributed to ethnic tensions before World War I.

Central Powers

The alliance that included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Allied Powers

The alliance that included Great Britain, Russia, France, and later the US.

invasion of Belgium

The event that led Britain to declare war on Germany.

Trench warfare

Characterized by stalemates and high casualties in dug-out defensive positions.

Zimmermann Telegram

The primary reason for the U.S. entering World War I.

Lusitania

The sinking of this ship turned U.S. public opinion against Germany.

Tanks, machine guns, and poison gas

New military technologies introduced during World War I.

U-boats

Submarines that played a significant role in blockading Britain during World War I.

Disease and poor living conditions

Major challenges faced by soldiers in the trenches.

14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson’s peace proposal after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

Germany was forced to pay reparations and accept blame for World War I.

League of Nations

The international organization created after World War I to maintain peace.

Zimmermann Telegram

Significant for proposing a German-Mexican alliance against the U.S.

Russian Revolution

The event that caused Russia to exit World War I in 1917.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

This empire was split into several countries after World War I.

nationalism

A cause of World War I due to cultural and linguistic groups wanting to unify.