English history

10-hour workday By 1850, workers could only work 10 hours a day.

Act of Union Event that unified Scotland, Wales, and Ireland with England in 1707.

Age of Exploration Period of European exploration and discovery, expanding trade

Agricultural Techniques Introduced around 4100 BC, aiding settlement growth.

American Revolutionary War Conflict resulting in America's independence from Britain in 1776.

Anglo-Saxon Agriculture Focused on farming, cultivating crops and breeding animals

Anglo-Saxon Farmers Landowners stripped of heritage under Norman rule

Anglo-Saxon Homes Single houses for generations, with a grand hall and hearth

Anglo-Saxon Professions Skilled workers like blacksmiths, carpenters, cobblers, and jewelers

Barbarian Attacks Invasions from Scotland, Ireland, and Saxons on Roman Britain.

Battle of Bosworth Field Final battle of War of the Roses, Richard III defeated

Battle of Eddington Alfred the Great defeated Danish Warlord Guthrum in 878

Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold defeated King Harold Hardrata of Norway in 1066

Beaker Pots Distinctive pots used during the Bronze Age in Britain.

Black Death Deadly viral disease in Europe, killing millions in the 14th century

Black Plague Devastating pandemic in British history starting in 1347

Bloody Code List of 200 crimes punishable by execution in the early 1800s

Bonfire Night Annual celebration on November 5th of foiling the Gunpowder Plot

Boudica Celtic queen who led a revolt against the Romans.

Bow Street Runners First armed men conducting investigations and arrests in London

Breathing Illnesses Health issues caused by inhaling dust and fibers in factories.

Brexit UK's exit from the European Union in 2016

British Empire Extensive territories under British control during the 19th century.

Bronze Age Era starting around 2200 BC with the use of bronze tools.

Canal Systems Waterways for coal transport, creating jobs and lowering prices

Canterbury Cathedral Breathtaking stone architecture finished in 1077

Caris Brook Castle Location where King Charles was held prisoner for peace negotiations.

Catholicism Christian denomination headed by the Pope in Rome

Celts Powerful tribes in Britain during the Iron Age.

Charles I Son of James I, took the throne in 1625

Charles II Future king who attempted to invade Britain after his father's beheading.

Church of England Protestant church founded by Henry VIII in England

Civil War Conflict starting in August 1642, estimated millions killed over nine years.

Coal Mining Extraction of coal from the earth for industrial use.

Cold War Began post-WWII between the US and Soviet Union.

Commoners' Diets Working class ate legumes like beans, soybeans, and lentils.

Compressed Air Systems Technology introduced in 1848 to improve ventilation in mines.

Crown Court Court for serious crimes like rape and murder in large towns

Cultural Revolution Shift in art, music, and fashion in the 1960s

Danelaw Territories in England ruled by Danish armies, influenced by Viking customs

Darby Family Contributed to iron manufacturing improvements during the Industrial Revolution.

Dark Ages Period of regression after Roman Empire's fall, marked by invasions

Domesday Book Record of land valuation in England and Wales

Domestics Household servants employed by the wealthy.

Earl of Shaftsbury Advocate for safer procedures in mines and factories.

Edward VI Henry VIII's son, became King but died young with no heirs

Elizabeth I Queen who ruled during the Golden Age, known as Gloriana

Emperor Claudius Roman leader who successfully invaded Britain in 43 AD.

Empress Matilda Claimant to the English throne during The Anarchy

Energy Crisis Shortage or high prices of energy resources

English Language Universal language with global influence

Eric Bloodaxe Last Norse King in Northumbria, forced out in 954

Excavation Process of digging out materials, such as coal, from the ground.

Falklands War Conflict between UK and Argentina over the Falklands

Feudal System Social hierarchy with land ownership obligations

Financial Crisis Economic turmoil leading to financial instability

First World War Began in 1914, shifting focus to weaponry and warfare.

Gallows Public hanging site for criminals as a form of deterrence

Golden Age Period of great cultural achievements and prosperity

Great Exhibition 1851 event showcasing industrial and technological advancements.

Great Fire of London Destructive fire that broke out in London in 1666.

Great Heathen Army Led by Ragnar Lothbrok's son, invaded Britain in large numbers

Great Plague of 1665 Major epidemic that struck England in 1665.

Gunpowder Plot Failed assassination attempt on King James I in 1605

Guy Fawkes Conspirator in Gunpowder Plot to blow up Parliament in 1605

Harvest Industry Focus on harvesting crops during food shortages.

Henry Fox Talbot Inventor of the first photographs known as Sun Pictures.

Henry II King of England after The Anarchy, known for a peaceful rule

Henry VII First Tudor monarch, united Lancaster and York through marriage

Henry VIII King who founded Church of England due to desire for male heir

Highwaymen Criminals robbing travelers, romanticized in the late 1700s

Homo Erectus Likely subgroup of early human inhabitants in Britain.

House of Lancaster Royal house in England, rival to the House of York

House of Stuart Royal house that succeeded the House of Tudor in England

House of Tudor Royal house that ruled England from 1485 to 1603

House of York Royal house in England, rival to the House of Lancaster

Houses of Correction Prisons for lifelong imprisonment at the end of the Georgian period

Hunter-Gatherers Early settlers trading elk, cattle, and pigs.

Independence of India India gaining independence from British rule

Industrial Revolution Era marked by technological advancements and industrial growth.

Irish Potato Famine 1845 famine in Ireland leading to mass starvation and migration.

Iron Age Period from 1200 BC known for iron and steel crafting.

Iron Cooking Ranges Stoves using iron for cooking efficiency and hot water heating.

James II Succeeded his brother Charles II as King of England.

James VI Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, became King of England in 1603

John McAdam Engineer known for improving road surfaces for efficient travel

Julius Caesar Roman leader who attempted to invade Britain in 55 BC.

Julius Caesar's Invasion Failed Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC.

King Charles Defeat Defeated in 1647 by Parliament's Army led by Fairfax and Cromwell.

King John Cruel English monarch who signed the Magna Carta

Knights Noble warriors tasked with recruitment and training

Knute the Great Successor of Swain Forkbeard, ruled until 1035

Korean War Britain participated in 1950 on the side of South Korea.

Labour Party Established in 1900, leading post-WWII reforms.

Lady Jane Grey Protestant cousin named Queen for nine days, executed for treason

Latin Language Language taught by Romans to the inhabitants of Britain.

Leisure Time for relaxation and enjoyment outside of work.

Local Governments Created after Roman Empire fell, replaced Roman magistrates

Londinium Established Roman city that later became London.

Magna Carta Important charter limiting the king's power