Hydroponics, Nitrogen Cycle, Stoichiometry, Photosynthesis, and Half Reactions Test Review

advantages of hydroponics

efficient use of space with stacking and specific amount of plants per feet, different ways to grow, urban accessibility in food deserts by growing plants w artificial light/rooftops, pest avoidance, water conservation with less runoff and recycled water, no farm runoff to pollute+cause diseases from soil organisms

assimilation

step 3, plants absorb nitrate in roots

disadvantages of hydroponics

setup costs, constant energy consumption bc it uses more artificial light and powering the hydroponics system, dangers of power outages and technical difficulties

fill and drain systems

buckets are filled and nutrients are pubped back in with vertical NFT system with inert medium like claystones

drip systems

w medium dripped from above, traditionally for bigger plants

aeroponics

minimal root support; hanging, get nutrients from air rock; vertical system, misting with nutrient rich solution

Growing medium

plants grown in rock wool, coconut coir, or other non-soil substances that provide stability, moisture, and oxygen to plants

Haber’s equation for ammonia synthesis

N2​(g)+3H2​(g)⇌2NH3​(g)

Haber process

primary industrial method for producing ammonia with high pressure, high temperature, and an iron catalyust that mixes air nitrogen and methane hydrogen; AKA created fertilizer

nitrogen fixation

stable bonds between nitrogen atoms and a molecule of nitrogens so nitrogen compounds that plants can use are formed; happens after denitrification w legumes and lightning

Step 1 nitrogen cycle

ammonifcation, in which bacteria and decomposers break down waste (N2) to synthesize NH3 and eventually NH4+

Step 2 nitrogen cycle

nitrification, in which ammonium is oxidized by nitrosomonas to create nitrite (NO2-), and then the nitrobacter converts nitrate into (NO3-)

step 3 nitrogen cycle in low oxygen environments

denitrification, to reduce gas and then release it, eventually leading to nitrogen fixation

Biological molecules that require nitrogen

amino acids+proteins+nucleic acids

How excess fertilizer’s leads to loss of aquatic life

excess fertilizer from runoff or leaching leads to extra nitrogen which leads to algae blooms, in which the nutrients from fertilizer cause excess algae (algae blooms). This is bad for aquatic life bc the death of the algae causes lack of oxygen in the water, and sunlight is blocked which limits photosynthesis

redox reactions

oxidation number changes

nonredox reactions

oxidation number of compounds does not change

Oxidation

Loss of Electrons (LEO)

Reduction

gaining of electrons (GER)

half reaction

the oxidation or reduction process isolated

leaching

soluble substances taken from solid material (form of underground runoff)

perrennial plants

plants that live for an extremely long time

photosynthesis organelle

chloroplast

Photosynthesis equation

The general equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2​+6H2​O to C6​H12​O6​+6O2​

goal of photosynthesis

to convert solar energy. into energy that can be used for the plant, like ATP and NADPH, which are later used to produce sugars G3P and later glucose

photolysis

water splits to produce oxygen, which bonds with another O and goes to the stomato, hydrogen ions, and electrons

photosystem II

where the elctrons go from a grown state to an excited state and green chlorophyll absorbs red light

protein complex

where active transport brings electrons to reach photosystem 1 to finally reach enzymes

photon process

protons (light energy) in the stroma go to the thykaloid space, then through the enzyme ATP sythetase, and then back into the stroma, adding another phosphate to make ADP into ATP

NADPH process

NADP goes w H+ and balanced electrons to create NADPH with the help of the nezyme FNR

Dark reactions

also known as the calvin cycle, in which CO2 is converted into glucose when the five carbon sugar begins the cycle and CO2 is attatched, occurs twice to make glucose/G3P, 6 total CO2s

light dependent reactions

photons to ATP and NADPH

first element on fertilizer

nitrogen, good for all leaf, especially lawns

2nd element on fertilizer

phosphate (P2O5), good for fruits

3rd element on fertilizaer

potassium (K2O), overall health and more climate based