Cultural Anthropology Exam 3

Groups of humans adapt to their environment in order to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and flourish. What do anthropologists call this cultural adaption?

the economy

Both horticulture and agriculture focus on the use of plants as a source of food. What is the difference between them?

the level of intensity needed in the process

Pastoralism frequently includes the process of transhumance. What is this process?

herders moving livestock seasonally between different altitudes

Agriculture is an intensive farming strategy involving permanent cultivation of the land. What is an important characteristic of this process?

Agriculture uses labor and technology such as irrigation systems and plows

Which of the following has the greatest carrying capacity?

industrial agriculture

What is the primary difference, from an anthropological perspective, between balanced reciprocity and generalized reciprocity?

generalized reciprocity occurs between those with close ties

When you lived at home growing up as a child, you may have received a small allowance--a bit of money on a somewhat regular occasion that you could use as you wished. This typically comes from a parent who is also working at a regular job to support the family. What is this, in anthropological terms?

redistribution

The origins of the current global economic system are found in the late 1400s, when China was the world leader in the production and export of goods such as silk. The result of this position created what problem that fostered European exploration of the Americas?

it created trade deficit, with exports vastly exceeding imports

The concept of flexible accumulation describes an overall strategy of multinational corporations to increase profitability. What is one of the keys to the success of this strategy?

offshoring

What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best?

government must reign in the excesses of capitalism

Although globalization has produced increased flows of money, information, and goods, barriers to the flow of people are difficult to overcome. What is one of the principle barriers that migrants must overcome?

a high degree of regulation and immigration inspectors at borders

Many inhabitants from a small city in Brazil have migrated to New York. Young students in the city learn English and most of them plan to move to New York City one day. What term might anthropologists use to describe several factors have created a culture in which migration has become a way of life?

What is the term used to describe people who have been forced to migrate because of violence, religious persecution, or disasters but stay within their own countries?

internally displaced persons

Despite the possibility of losing economic and professional status following migration, what is one of the major advantages that, according to the author, professional Indian migrants have in the United States?

How do anthropologists define refugees?

people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence

What happened in the United States in 1965 that shifted patterns of immigration?

the policy of restricting immigrants with quotas by nationality ended

According to the textbook, what is one of the key reasons that immigration continues to be a controversial issues in the United States?

it is commonly perceived that the diversity of the current generation of migrants raises cultural challenges

The "melting pot" model of immigration over simplified the way that migration actually took place in US history. What was one significant and very real consequence of this early "melting pot" mythology?

What is one reason that refugees are forced to leave their communities?

ethnic conflict

The largest group of foreign-born people living in the United States in 2013 was from where?

Mexico

In Bangladesh, over 1,000 youth marched over 100 miles to protest the construction of coal mines. What does this demonstrate?

people taking political action to resist climate change

What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?

egalitarianism

The Hadza are a small hunter-gatherer group in Tanzania, where they live much as their ancestors have for thousands of years. They have no tribal or governing hierarchy. What best describes the Hadza?

What do we call an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief?

chiefdom

Anthropologists link the origins of the state to the rise of what?

agriculture

Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?

within the influence of the state

In 1871, hundreds of principalities were united to form Germany. After defeat in World War I, Germany's government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the cold war, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. Germany has existed in many forms, demonstrating what characteristic of states?

they are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped

What do we call the potential of a person or a group to contest and change norms, values, institutions, and structures of power?

agency

The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is referred to as what?

hegemony

Although the Nazi regime did use violence, the regime was also able to gain the cooperation of much of the populace who saw Nazi actions and programs as necessary and even reasonable. What is this kind of consensus an example of?

hegemony

In the United States, most Americans believe that it is wrong to hire family members who may not be qualified for a position. The idea of nepotism, or a family member over a more qualified candidate, seems unthinkable and undoable to many Americans. This is an example of what concept?

hegemony

When a civil society prepares for war, this preparation includes production of weapons and the glorification of war. What is this process called?

militarization

What is one of the arguments given to support the idea that humans are naturally violent?

In the United States, we often celebrate the Fourth of July with colorful fireworks, parades, and various festivities. Fourth of July celebrations in the United States help to reinforce feelings of ________.

nationalism

Adolf Hitler was able to create a powerful unified state in Germany by blaming minorities for the country's problems and promoting the idea of certain German people as different and superior. This made the idea of persecuting minorities and expanding German dominance over Europe seem like a reasonable course of action. What do we call this feeling of belonging and superiority?

Michelle organizes a protest at her university, telling her peers that they have the power to challenge values and structures of power. What is Michelle referring to?

agency

Members of the civil rights movement held protests, sit-ins, and marches to oppose inequality. Their actions eventually resulted in the Civil Rights Act, which eliminated much of the legal inequality in the country. What is this is an example of?

social movements

In 2014, police in Ferguson, MO, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide protest. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action?

Sometimes a group of people within the domain of a state creates their own nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in an effort to challenge inequities and assert their political rights to resources and recognition within their state. What do we call this type of formal organization?

civil society organization

Most of us never consider how our immediate families function in a larger social context in our lives. In reality, though, what aspect of social behavior is strongly present in our family relationships and echoed in our place in society as a whole?

power

Anthropologists typically examine which of the following in order to understand religion's meaning and significance in the life of a community of people?

theology and history

What is one of the primary reasons that the study of religion in anthropology is difficult?

there is a wide range of local religious expression

Whether studying a small temple in a remote village or the most famous Catholic cathedral in Rome, anthropologists try to convey each religion's sense of moral order, dynamic public expressions, and:

interactions with other systems of meaning and power

Which of the following is a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion?

martyr

French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion?

sacred and profane

An anthropologist studying football in the United States might find that taboos, sacred objects, and ________ are in almost constant use.

ritual

Your college experience leads eventually to your graduation, a ritual process that ushers you into the "real world" where you are expected to find a job and be a productive member of the larger society. In the model of ritual that Victor Turner describes, what does this entirety of your experience, including the graduation ceremony itself, help to promote?

communitas

Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation?

religion

Anthropologist Marvin Harris suggested that human culture is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence, arguing that society is shaped by:

material conditions

What do anthropologists call a part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings?

shaman

Some followers of the Voodoo religion in Louisiana use figurines. They pin a person's picture or name to the figure, which represents that person's spirit, in order to bless them. How would an anthropologist most likely categorize this practice?

magic

Most of us routinely trim our fingernails. The cuttings are tossed into the wastebasket and we don't usually give it much thought. Believers of ________ would take special precautions with their fingernail clippings, which could be used to cast a spell on them.

contagious magic

E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted fieldwork among the Azande and rebuffed Max Weber's earlier assertion that science and modernization would lead to the decline of magic. What was a key element of magic highlighted by Evans-Pritchard's work?

magic is rational

Hindus venerate the cow (even when they create serious traffic hazards) in order to fully embrace the idea of ahimsa, the practice of nonviolence toward all living things. For a Hindu, then, the cow is much more than an animal with four legs. How is the cow vital in this religious system?

it is a symbol that makes their religious world real

Which of the following locations is experiencing a significant increase in encounters between people of various religious faiths?

cities

Which of the following social processes strongly affects the ways in which religion and religious practices are being stretched and shaped today?

immigration

The text describes the high rate of HIV/AIDS infection in Swaziland, which has one of the highest rates of infection in the world. Aside from religious services, what does the presence of the church in Swaziland provide?

management of medical assets

The phenomenal sales of epic works of fiction such as Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien center on magic as a real force in society. In Tolkien's work, the object of interest is a ring that gives the wearer great power. What kind of magic is Tolkien using in his fiction in regard to this particular object?

contagious

The Grateful Dead toured the country until the death of Jerry Garcia, the band's founder. They attracted a huge and devoted fan base, many of whom traveled long distances to see the band perform and partake of the hallucinogens commonly found at the concerts. What kind of religious practice might an anthropologist call such activity?

pilgrimmage

The upheaval brought about by the Industrial Revolution led to profound changes in the nature of production and labor as well as the displacement of people as they sought out ways to make a living in the face of these changes. When French sociologist Emile Durkheim observed all of this, what did he call it?

anomie

Which anthropological perspective is most likely to be used to study and improve health conditions in football players?

While conventional wisdom attributes good health to good nutrition, exercise, sleep, proper sanitation, and avoiding smoking, medical anthropologists consider many other factors when looking at health. What is one critical aspect of health that is often overlooked?

inequality

The core values of good health in the United States—personal responsibility, hard work, and clean living—shape how Americans approach functional health. Where do these values fit in respect to the World Health Organization's definition of health?

they are not part of the definition

Medical anthropology takes a holistic approach to health. What else in addition to meaning and power does this approach include?

How do anthropologists define biomedicine?

a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences

How do medical anthropologists distinguish between disease and illness?

as a natural entity versus personal experience

The fact that people will inevitably die or grow old reflects which important concept?

ability is only temporary

The human ecosystem, composed of trillions of organisms in the human body, is understood as what?

a complex microbiome

According to the text, what is one consequence of the health transition?

overall human life expectancy has doubled in the past century

According to the United Nations, in 2015, which country had the highest life expectancy at birth?

Hong Kong

We are taught that antibacterial soaps and cleaning products that completely eliminate germs on surfaces and food are essential to good health. Why is this approach now under scrutiny?

What is one of the major problems highlighted in the Village Girl Youth Project (VGYP) by anthropologist Rania Sweis?

the concept of adolescence is defined through a strictly Western perspective

Art in Western traditions is often associated with notions of what kind of culture?

high

What do anthropologists emphasize in definitions of art?

it is shaped by the viewer's perception as well as the artistic intent

Immanuel Kant and Georg Hegel argued that humans' determination of beauty is determined by:

nature

According to the archaeological record, how old is evidence of human artistic expression?

100,000 years

The presentation of local art on the global scale may provide not only a means of economic activity but also a venue to do what?

assert local cultural identity in the face of rapid change

What form of technology emerged in the twentieth century as a dominant form of global communication, impacting art and art production?

the internet

What is indigenous media?

use of the media by those who have experienced significant disruption at a local level

From an anthropological perspective, who is eligible to create and experience art?

all groups