History Exam II Study Guide

What political factors (and where were they) blocked modernism?

Fascism in Italy, Nazism in Germany

There was both a resistance and embrace of modernism, what were they and why?

Some designers were resistant because they were too accustomed to design from the past. However, utopian societies believed everyone was entitled to good design, reflecting the egalitarian inclinations of Europe.

What was the International Exhibition?

An exhibition at the MoMA in 1932 by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russel Hitchcock to introduce the emerging architectural style

Briefly explain the emergence of the International Style.

-          It emerged in Holland, France, and Germany post WWI and quickly spread worldwide

-          Became the dominant style till the 1970s

How many projects representing the International Style were in the U.S.?

75

1.      What are some key aspects of Internationalism that was shared across all countries?

-          Flat roofs

-          Smooth, white walls

-          Large areas of glass

-          Asymmetrical planning

-          Absence of historical references

-          Emphasis on functionalism

-          Engineering aesthetic

1.      What were the political motivations for modernism in the Netherlands versus Germany?

-          Netherlands were influenced by strong political and social policies, with an emphasis on egalitariamism

-          Germany was influenced by the Bauhaus and modernisms

1.      How were the political motivations for modernism different in France versus Scandinavia?

-          France had a strong development of engineering and philosophical skills, making it easier for the logical and rational concepts of modernism to grow

-          Scandinavia was focused more on ideas of social equality, such as well-built furniture for all and were more inclined to use local material in the production of spaces

1.      Explain how England was politically influenced by modernism.

-          First had a resistance toward innovation, however the exiles from Germany brought modernism with them in the 1930s

-          Democratic ideas combined with emphasis on health and wellness within buildings created modernism of public buildings

1.      Matching:

-          Walter Gropius & Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

-          JJP Oud

-          Le Corbusier                        

-          Richard Nuetra & Philip Johnson

• USA

• Netherlands

• Germany + USA

• France

-          Walter Gropius & Ludwig Mies van der Rohe           Germany + USA

-          JJP Oud            Netherlands

-          Le Corbusier      France

-          Richard Nuetra & Philip Johnson             USA

1.       How was modernism confined when introduced to America?

1.      What are certain aspects of American modernism?

1.      Explain how F.L. Wright designed in a modernist way in America.

1.      What aspects limited furniture design and production in America during this time?

What are some aspects of American furniture design?

Most representative buildings/projects MODULE 6

How did the war (WWII) affect modernism in both Europe and America?

How did advances in technology and transportation affect both modernism and interiors?

What are some aspects of office space design during this time? MODULE 7 MODERNISM IN AMERICA

Who was the pivotal influence for office space design during this time? MODULE 7 MODERNISM IN AMERICA

What are some aspects of residential design during this time? MODULE 7 MODERNISM IN AMERICA

Who was the pivotal influence for residential design during this time? MODULE 7 MODERNISM IN AMERICA

What new techniques (and who was behind them) appeared for furniture in Europe?

What are some of the democratic ideals that came up during this Postwar time in Italy, France, and Great Britain?

What advances brought about the ascendancy into modernism?

Explain the way at least two countries experimented with new forms and materials during this time

Explain how the U.S. functioned during the ascendancy into modernism

What are some of the formal aspects of furniture during this era? MODULE 7 ASCENDANCY OF MODERNISM

Most Representative buildings/projects: MODULE 7