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What are all substances made out of?
Atoms
One type of atoms joined together
Elements
Two or more elements chemically bonded
Compounds
Two or more elements not chemically bonded
Mixtures
Why do scientists use chemical formulae?
To find out how many compounds are in each element
How are compounds separated?
Electrolysis
What are the reactants?
Substances that are reacted
What are the products?
The new substances that are formed
What is filtration?
Separate soluble solutions from insoluble solutions
What is Crystallization?
Obtaining a soluble from a solution
What is Simple Distillation?
Obtaining a solvent from solution
What is Fractional Distillation?
Separating mixtures with different boiling points
What is Chromatography?
Separating the different soluble, coloured components of a mixture
What is the 'Plum Pudding Model'?
JJ Thomson believes electrons were surrounded by a sea of positive charge
How did Rutherford improve the arrangement of the atom?
He created a nucleus, containing protons and neutrons
How did Bohr improve the arrangement of the atom?
He created the shells which the electrons would orbit around
What was the relative mass of the proton?
1
What was the relative mass of the neutron?
1
What was the relative mass of the electron?
1/1840
What was the relative charge of the proton?
+1
What was the relative charge of the electron?
-1
What was the relative charge of the neutron?
0
What is an isotope?
An element with the same amount of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
What is the electron configuration?
Shows how electrons are arranged around the nucleus in shells.
How do atoms become ions?
They gain or lose electrons
What is a negative ion?
An atom that has gained electrons
What is a positive ion?
An atom that has lost electrons
Who was John Newlands?
He tried to put the periodic table together but noticed there were gaps missing
Who was Dimitri Mendeleev?
He created the periodic table, leaving gaps for elements that were yet to be discovered
What are Group 0 also know as?
Noble gases
Why are noble gases unreactive?
Because they have a full outer shell
What are the Group 1 elements also known as?
Alkali metals
Why are alkali metals stored in oil?
So they don't react with the oxygen in the air
What happens when an alkali metal reacts with water?
A metal hydroxide is formed and hydrogen is given off
Why do alkali metals float?
They have a low density
What are Group 7 elements called?
Halogens
What are the 3 states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
What does (s) stand for?
Solid
What does (l) stand for?
Liquid
What does (g) stand for?
Gas
What does (aq) stand for?
Aqueous (dissolved in water)
What are the 3 types of strong bonds?
Ionic bonds, covelent bonds, metallic bonds
When are ionic bonds formed?
When ions lose and gain their electrons to another atom, or vise versa
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
High melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity when solid or molten
What are covelent bonds?
When atoms share a pair of electrons
What are metallic bonds?
The attraction between positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons
What does delocalised mean?
Not bond to one atom
What are the properties of metals?
It is ductile, malluable, good conductivity
What are alloys?
Mixtures that contain a metal and at least one other element
What is the conservation of mass?
The total mass of the product is equal to the total mass of the reactants
What are half equations used for?
To show what happens to one reactant in a chemical reaction, with electrons
How do you calculate the relative formula mass?
Add all of the elements' atomic masses together (if there is more than one, multiple to atomic mass of that element by the amount shown)
How do you work out the number of particles in an substance (mol)
mass of substance (g) / formula mass (g/mol)
What is oxidation?
A substance gaining oxygen or the loss of electrons
What is reduction?
A substance that loses oxygen or the gain of electrons
What number/ colour is acidic?
1 / Red
What number/ colour is neutral?
7 / Green
What number/ colour is alkaline?
14 / Purple
What is electrolysis?
The use of electrical currents used to break down compounds containing ions into their constituent elements
What are the electrodes made out of?
Usually carbon
What is the anode?
The positive electrode
What is the cathode?
The negative electrode
What is an exothermic reaction?
When heat is given out
What is an endothermic reaction?
When heat is taken in
How do you calculate the energy transfer in a reaction?
Add up the shown bonds
What is the equation for the rate of reaction?
amount of reactant used or product formed / time taken
How do you calculate the concentration?
Amount of mol /volume of reaction mixture
How do you measure the amount of gas formed?
Use a gas syringe
What is the activation energy?
The minimum energy required to cause a reaction
What are the 4 main factors that increase the rate of reaction?
Concentration, tempreture, surface area, catalysts
What is an equilibrium?
When the products and the reactants are balanced in an equation
What in the Le Chantelier's Principle?
If equilibrium changes in conditions, that the system shifts to resist the change
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