WHAP Vocab: Unit 3 & 4

Abbas I (the Great)

Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest

extent; used Western military technology

Absolute monarchy

concept of government developed during the rise of the

nation-state in western Europe during the 17th century;

monarchs held the absolute right to direct their state

Akbar

son and successor of Hymayn; built up the military and

administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of

cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority

Ana Nzinga

17th century Queen of present day Angola, who fought to limit Portuguese slave traders into her land

Anglican church

form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII

Asante

West African state that occupied what is now southern Ghana in

the 18th and 19th centuries who actively participated in the

slave trade

Asian sea trading network

divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the

European arrival; an Arab zone based upon glass, carpets, and

tapestries; an Indian zone with cotton textiles; a Chinese zone

with paper, porcelain, and silks

Babur

Turkic leader who founded the Mughal dynasty, dies in 1530

Boyars

a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a

prince

Catholic Reformation

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and

revived Catholic doctrine

Columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between tehAmerican and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center.

Corenations

Nations, usually European, that profited from the world

economy; controlled international banking and commercial

services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw

materials

Creoles

People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World

colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below

peninsulares

Dependent economic zones

Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials;

dependent upon European markets and shipping; tendency to

build systems based on forced and cheap labor

Devshrime system

The practice where the Ottoman Empire sent military officers to

take Christian boys, ages 8 to 18, from their families in Eastern

and Southeastern Europe- aka a blood tax

East Indian Companies

British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained

government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted

independently in their regions

Edict of Nantes

1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after

length civil wars between Catholics and Protestants

Encomiendas

Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors

and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for

relations based on economic dominance

English civil war

1640-1660; included religious and constitutional issues

concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration

of a limited monarchy

Fluyt

A Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated

cargo vessel

Galileo

Publicized Copernicus's findings; added own discoveries

concerning the laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned

by the Catholic church for his work

Glorious Revolution

English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 which affirmed

that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king

Haciendas

rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in

America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy

Humanism

philosophy, or ideology, with a focus on humanity as the center

of intellectual and artistic endeavor

Imans

Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's

successors

Indentured servitude

laborer is an employee within a system of unfree labor who is

bound by a signed or forced contract to work for a employer for

a fixed time. ... On completion of the contract, the indentured

servants were given their freedom, and occasionally plots of

land.

Indulgences

A pardon releasing a person from punishment due to sin.

Isaac Newton

English scientist; author of Principia; drew the various

astronomical and physical observations and wider theories

together in a neat framework of natural laws; established

principles of motion and defined forces of gravity

Italian Renaissance

14th and 15th century movement influencing political forms,

literature, and the arts; consisted largely of a revival of classical

culture

Janissaries

conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as

Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political

influence after the 15th century

Jean (John) Calvin

French protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination;

established center of his group in Geneva; in the long run

encouraged wide public education and access to government

Jesuits

Catholic religious order founded during Catholic Reformation;

active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of

Europe

Johannes Gutenberg

introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century;

greatly expanded the availability of printed materials

Joint Stock Company

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders

Louis XIV

French king who personified absolute monarchy

Maroon Societies

communities of fugitive slaves who had succeeded in

establishing a society of their own in some remote areas, where

they could not easily be surprised by soldiers or slave catchers

Martin Luther

German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant

Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith for gaining

salvation in place of Catholic sacraments; rejected papal

authority

Mehmed II

The Conqueror; Ottoman sultan; captured Constantinople in

1453 and destroyed the Byzantine Empire

Mercantilism

the colonial economic policy, by which a colonizing nation must

import only from its own colonies, but sell exports as widely as

possible

Mestizos

people of mixed European and Native American heritage

Middle Passage

slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic

experience

Mughal dynasty

established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the

mid-19th century

Mullahs

religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all

subjects to Shi'ism

Northern Renaissance

cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe;

influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low

Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on

religion that the Italian Renaissance

Ottomans

Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the

14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, north

Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after World War I

Patron

A person who gives financial or other support to a person,

organization, cause, or activity. (During the Renaissance to the

Arts in particular)

Peninsulares

Spanish-born residents of the New World

Protestantism

general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church;

formally began with Martin Luther in 1517

Safavid dynasty

founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs;

established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722

Salaried Samurai

military nobility in pre industrialized Japan – paid warriors

Scientific Revolution

process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of

empirical advances associated with the development of wider

theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western

culture

Sikhs

Indian sect, beginning as a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim faiths;

pushed to opposition to Muslim and Mughal rule

Simony

The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example

pardons or benefices.

Sociedad de castas

Spanish American social system based on racial origins;

Europeans on top, mixed race in middle, Indians and African

slaves at the bottom

Spanish Mita

A form of forced labor in South America; used to mobilize labor

for mines and other projects

Sultan

a ruler, especially in the Ottoman Empire, of some Muslim

countries

Thirty Years War

1618-1648, fought between German Protestants and their allies

and the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great

destruction

Treaty of Tordesillas

concluded in 1494 between Castille and Portugal; clarified

spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the new World

Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain

Treaty of Westphalia

ended the Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual

rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people;

Netherlands gained independence

Triangular trade

complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa

Viceroyalties

major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct

representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in

Mexico City

Zamindar

a collector of the land revenue of a district for the government

during the period of Mughal rule in India

Zheng He

Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under

Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated

that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration