cs midterm study

where is your program stored once it starts runnning?

main memory

what steps are involved in the execution cycle of an instruction

fetch-decode-execute

what is a machine language

binary used to perform basic operations

how are negative numbers stored in the memory

stored by using two’s complement: a coding technique used to store negative numbers

ASCII

coding scheme containing set of 128 numeric codes, used to represent characters to computer memory

largest number stored in a byte

255

what is a bit

smallest unit of digital data. represents a single 0 or 1

what is a byte

collection of 8 bits

what is hardware

physical, tangible machinery of a computer like a processor or screen

what is software

intangible set of digital instructions that tells the hardware what to do

syntax error

violation of languages structural and grammatical rules, preventing the code from running at all

logic error

code runs but produces an unintended output

multiplication

*

exponent

**

addition

+

subtraction

-

floating division

/

integer division

//

float

numbers contain decimal points

int

numbers without decimals

complex

numbers with a real and imaginary part

string

sequence of characters used as data

boolean

true or false

input()

reads a line of typed text by user, returning it as a string

print()

displays text, expressions, and numbers onto screen

or operator

one or both sub expressions must be true for the entire expression to be true

and operator

both sub expressions must be true for the compound expression to be true

not operator

used to invert truth value of a expression or variable

x>y

x>y

x<y

x<y

x>=y

x>_y

x<=y

x<_Y

x==y

x=y

x!=y

x does not equal y

for loop

automatically reads lines in a file and stops when end of file is reached

while loop

loop executes a block of code as long as a specified condition remains true

if statement

evaluates a condition and executes a block of code only if that condition is True

function header

first line of code in a function. includes keyword def and function name, followed by parentheses and colon

local variables

a variable declared inside a function body or as a function parameter

global variables

a variable declared outside of any function or class block, making it accessible throughout the entire module.

argument

data that is given to the function

parameters

variable that is assigned the value of an argument when the function is called. General format: def function_name(parameter):

value returning function

Executes the statements it contains, and then it returns a value back to the statement that called it

randint function

generates random number within range provided by argument and returns it to the program that called the function

randrange function

returns randomly selected integer from the resulting sequence

random function

returns a random float in the range of 0.0 and 1.0

uniform function

returns a random float but allows user to specify range

modes

string specifying how the file will be opened

how to open file

open file with ‘r’ mode

how to write on file

write method used to write data to the file. Format: file_variable.write(string)