Macromolecules test

For Bio for HS

What are monomers?

Small particles that can be bonded together which forms the basic unit of polymers, which are essential in making biomolecules. They form together with covalent bonds.

What are polymers?

Multiple monomers that are joined together. A long chain that contains monomers to make biomolecules. Happens when monomers bond together.

What 3-letter suffix do most carbohydrates end in?

-ose

What is the chemical formula that all carbohydrates have?

(CH₂O)n

What elements are in carbohydrates?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

What is the formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

What are Monosaccharides?

The monomers of carbohydrates. They are also known as simple sugars. They contain one monomer.

What are disaccharides?

A combination of two monosaccharides.

What is glucose?

The monosaccharide with a ring-like structure that living things use to produce energy.

What is a polysaccharide?

A combination of multiple monosaccharides.

What is starch's purpose for plants?

A method to store energy.

What does cellulose do for plants?

The molecule that plants use to give stems strength.

Where is glycogen found in? What is its purpose?

Found in animals and its main purpose is to store energy.

What is the major use for carbohydrates?

The major use is energy production. During the process of cellular respiration, cells use glucose molecules to produce energy.

What is Chitin used for?

Used to make the exoskeletons in many animals.

What is carbohydrates important role in plants and animals?

It has a very important role in the structure of many organisms.

What are carbohydrates helpful for?

Helpful for digestion. Fibrous (insert word here) pass through the digestive system of animals.

What are proteins made of?

Made of amino acids linked together in a "string".

What elements are proteins made of?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Also sulfur and selenium.

What are proteins?

Polymers that are produced by putting amino acid molecules together. Compounds that are amino acids connected by peptide bonds.

What are proteins(part 2)?

Macromolecules that regulate the body's organs & tissue health.

What do proteins do?

Regulate the digestive system, nucleotide expression, & muscle health. It allows metabolic reactions to occur, provides the body with structural framework, helps repair and build body tissue, and helps maintain proper pH(buffer).

What are enzymes and what do they do?

Protein catalysts that speed up the rate for biological reactions. It limits activation energy to prevent the person from dying from having too much energy and it breaks down and builds different fats, proteins, and carbohydrates by breaking polymers apart.

What is a reactant?

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.

What is a substrate?

A reactant of a enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

How do enzymes work?

The enzyme (activation site) and substrate link and bonds in the substrate weaken polymers into two different monomers. It can also make polymers.

How do you calculate caloric value?

Carbohydrate amount x 4. Protein amount x 4. Lipid(fats) amount x 9.

What is a product?

Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

What is activation energy?

Energy needed to get a reaction started.

What is a chemical reaction?

A process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

What is a catalyst?

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

What is hemoglobin?

A blood protein inside red blood cells. It carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. It also brings carbon dioxide back from the body tissues and to the lungs.

What 3-letter suffix do all enzymes end in?

-ase

What bonds connect amino acids?

Peptide bonds. This is why proteins are known as polypeptides.

How many groups are there in amino acids?

The Amino group, Carboxyl group, the Hydrogen group, and the R group

What is an amino group?

A nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

What is the R group?

A variable group that makes the amino acids unique because there are different atoms that can make this final connection while all other groups have all the amino acids.

What is the Carboxyl group?

The group is a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom and an OH.

What does an amino acid start with?

A Carbon atom.

What do carbon atoms connect to?

One of the four covalent bonds from the central carbon atom connects to an amino group. Another covalent bond is connected to the Carboxyl group. The third covalent bond of the central carbon atom is connected to a hydrogen atom. The final covalent bond from the central carbon atom will connect to the R group.

When is a peptide bond formed?

Formed when the carbon in the Carboxyl group "drops" the OH and the nitrogen in the amino group "drops" one of the hydrogens. The carbon and nitrogen then connect through a covalent bond to link the amino acids.

What is a polypeptide?

A string of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

How many possible elements or molecules can be in the R group location?

20

How many amino acids are there?

20 different ones. The cells in the body need all 20 to build proteins.

How many amino acids can the cells in your body build?

11

What are the 9 essential amino acids that you obtain through diet?

Valine, Lysine, Methionine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Histidine, Threonine.

What will a protein in tertiary structure have?

It will have strands, pleats, and helix shaped segments. This protein will fold onto itself to form the shape that is required for that specific protein.

Where are proteins made in?

The ribosome of the cell.

What are ribosomes?

Organelles that are coded to produce proteins.

What are mRNAs?

Nucleic acids that codes for proteins.

What are DNA and RNA?

Two types of nucleic acids and each have separate jobs.

What does DNA do and contain?

Stores information needed to create a protein. It has the nucleobase thymine. Has deoxyribose.

What does RNA do and contain?

Regulates the expression of information during protein synthesis. It has the nucleobase Uracil. It transfers to where chromosomes are made. Has ribose.

What are the 4 nucleobases for DNA?

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

What are the 4 nucleobases for RNA?

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What does RNA stand for?

Ribonucleic acid

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A base, sugar(deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.

What are nucleotides?

The monomers of nucleic acids.

What are the major elements found in nucleic acids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The same elements as proteins.

What foods contain nucleic acids?

Meat, seafood, legumes, fish, mushrooms, and all living things.

What are nucleic acids?

A class of biomolecules which are found in all living organisms and are responsible for the storage of genetic information and for the process of protein synthesis.

What are antibodies and what do they do?

Made of white blood cells called B cells, they fight off harmful invaders called antigens. They do this by attaching themselves to antigens and destroying them. They fight bacteria, fungi, viruses, and toxins and provide protection from re-exposure to the antigen.

What foods contain proteins?

Red meat, poultry, seafood, and dairy.

What are the three major groups of lipids?

Fats, phosphoplipids, and steroids.

What groups are fats divided into?

Saturated fats and unsaturated fats.

What are fatty acids?

The building blocks of the fats in the foods we eat and our bodies. The monomers of lipids.

What is polymerization?

Monomers bind to other monomers to form repeating chain molecules through a cycle.

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids

What does the suffix "mono-" mean? What does the suffix "-mer" mean?

"Mono" means "one" and "mer" means "part".

What is the greek meaning of polymers?

Many parts.

What are macromolecules made of?

Monomers that are joined together.

What is hydrolysis?

The process of polymers breaking down into monomers using enzymes to break down or decompose the chemical bonds. A water molecule is consumed into the enzyme to break down the chemical bonds.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A chemical reaction that combines monomers to create a polymer. A water molecule is removed/released so that the monomers can chemically bond into polymers. Catalysts speed up the reaction without becoming part of it. Provides energy to the cells.

What are triglycerides formed from?

Dehydration synthesis.

How are the polymers of carbohydrates present?

Dissaccharides and polysaccharides.

How are polymers present in proteins?

Polypeptides are chains made of amino acids.

How are polymers present in nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA. Polymer chains of nucleotides

How are the polymers of lipids present?

Diglycerides and triglycerides. Chain of monomers made up of glycerol and fatty acids.

What are the two types of polymers?

Linear and branched.

What is a linear polymer made of?

Many monomers in a single line.

What is a branched polymer made of?

Made up of monomers in a branched structure.

What are copolymers?

Polymers that are derived from two different types of monomers.

Are polymers chemical resistant?

Yes, they can withstand their original properties after being exposed to a chemical property for a long time.

What is saturated fat?

A type of fatty acid where there are all single bonds.

What is monounsaturated

A type of fatty acid that has
one unsaturated carbon bond (double bond)

What is polyunsaturated?

A type of fatty acid that has
many (poly) unsaturated carbon bonds

Examples of saturated fats:

Animal fats, butter, cakes, cheese

Examples of monounsaturated fats:

Plant oils (peanut and olive oils)

Examples of polyunsaturated fats:

Sunflower, canola, and soybean oil

What is glycerol?

The head portion of a phospholipid that is
the hydrophilic part of the monomer

What is the chemical formula for glycerol?

C3H8O3

What are triglycerides?

A polymer that forms when glycerol combines with three fatty
acids - found in alcohol

What are diglycerides?

Formed when glycerol reacts with two fatty acids within its hydroxyl groups.

Where are diglycerides found in?

Found in processed foods - they have been linked to increased risk of heart disease and stroke

What are lipid major functions?

Help store long term energy for cells and the body. Once carbohydrates are used up for quick/short-term energy, they kick in for longer energy usage. Help form the hydrophobic cell membrane in cells.

What does a phospholipid have in its anatomy?

A hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

What are the four major components of a phospholipid?

Fatty acids, a glycerol component, and both a phosphate group and a polar molecule.

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

Due to their non-polar covalent bonds which are insolvable. Water only dissolves in polar bonds.

What are the major elements found in lipids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus