Green Revolution

Meaning

The Green Revolution was a technological transformation in Indian agriculture aimed at increasing food grain production through modern inputs.

Main Components of Green Revolutions

1. HYV seeds

2. Expansion of Irrigation

3. Chemical Fertilisers and Pesticides

4. Institutional Support

5. Mechanisation

HYV seeds

Introduced High-Yielding wheat and rice varieties that significantly increased output per hectare.

Expansion of Irrigation

Canals, Tube wells, and pumps ensured assured water supply, reducing dependence on monsoon.

Mechanisation

Use of tractors, harvesters, and pumpsets increased efficiency and timely farm operations.

Criticisms of the Green Revolution

1. Regional Imbalance

2. Crop Imbalance

3. Environmental Degradation

4. Water Depletion

5. Social Inequality

Regional Imbalance

Benefits were concentrated in Punjab, Haryana and western UP, while eastern and dry regions were left behind.

crop imbalance

Focus on wheat and rice led to neglect of pulses and oilseeds.

Environmental Degradation

Excessive Use of Fertilisers and pesticides degraded soil and polluted water.

Water Depletion

Over-irrigation caused falling groundwater levels.

Social Inequality

Large farmers benefit more than small and marginal farmers.