[CIT] Finals MA: Structure of MIS

Management Information System (MIS)

• A __________ is made up of five major components namely: People, Business Processes, Data, Hardware, and Software.

• All of these components must work together to achieve business objectives.

People, Business Processes, Data, Hardware, Software

What are the 5 major components of a MIS?

People

MIS Components

• These are the users who use the information system to record the day to day business transactions. The users are usually qualified professionals such as accountants, human resource managers, etc.

• The ICT department usually has the support staff who ensure that the system is running properly.

Business Procedures

MIS Components

• These are agreed upon best practices that guide the users and all other components on how to work efficiently.

• ________ are developed by the people i.e. users, consultants, etc.

Data

MIS Components

The recorded day to day business transactions. For a bank, _____ is collected from activities such as deposits, withdrawals, etc.

Hardware

MIS Components

• This is made up of the computers, printers, networking devices, etc. The ______ provides the computing power for processing data.

• It also provides networking and printing capabilities. The _____ speeds up the processing of data into information.

Software

MIS Components

• These are programs that run on the hardware. The _____ is broken down into two major categories namely: system software and applications software. System software refers to the operating system i.e. Windows, Mac OS, and Ubuntu, etc. Applications software refers to specialized software for accomplishing business tasks such as a  Payroll program, banking system, point of sale system, etc.

System software, Applications software

What are the 2 major categories of a Software?

System Software

Software

• Category of software that refers to the operating system

• i.e. Windows, Mac OS, and Ubuntu, etc.

Applications Software

Software

• Category of software that refers to specialized software for accomplishing business tasks, such as a Payroll program, banking system, point of sale system, etc.

Computer

Physical device that takes data as input and transforms these data according to stored instructions, and outputs the processed information to a number of devices.

Computer Hardware

Provides the underlying physical foundation for the firm’s IT infrastructure. Other infrastructure components– software, data and networks-–require ______ for their storage and operation.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The part of a computer system that is commonly referred to as the "brains" of a computer. It is also known as the processor or microprocessor. It is responsible for executing a sequence of stored instructions called a program.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Manipulates raw data into a more useful form and controls the other parts of the computer,

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The portion of a computer that retrieves and executes instructions. It consists of an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a control unit, and various registers.

• Often simply referred to as the processor.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU)

Parts of the CPU

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

This part of the CPU performs the computer’s principal logical and arithmetic operations.

Control Unit (CU)

• This part of the CPU coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer system.

• It reads a stored program and directs other components of the computer system to perform the program’s required tasks.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Principal part of any digital computer system, generally composed of the main memory, control unit, and arithmetic-logic unit.

• It constitutes the physical heart of the entire computer system; to it is linked various peripheral equipment, including input/output devices and auxiliary storage units.

microprocessor

In modern computers, the CPU is contained on an integrated circuit chip called a _________.

Control Unit

• Regulates and integrates the operations of the computer.

• It selects and retrieves instructions from the main memory in proper sequence and interprets them so as to activate the other functional elements of the system at the appropriate moment to perform their respective operations. 

Storage device

• Piece of hardware that is primarily used for storing data.

• Necessary not just for saving files, but also for running tasks and applications.

storage medium or storage media

Other term/s for a storage device

Digital storage

This is measured in megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and, these days, terabytes (TB).

short-term memory; long-term memory

Every computer has both primary and secondary storage, with primary storage acting as a computer’s ________, and secondary as a computer’s __________.

Primary Storage

• Random Access Memory, or RAM, is the _______ of a computer.

Random Access Memory

What does RAM stand for?

Primary storage

________ is a key component of a computer system that enables it to function. This includes random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), cache and flash memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), Flash Memory, Cache Memory

What are the 4 types of primary storage?

ROM; RAM

_____ is non-volatile, while ______ is volatile.

Non-volatile memory

Primary Storage

• keeps its contents even when the computer is switched off. 

Volatile memory

Primary Storage

• loses its contents when power is lost.

4GB

• Primary storage is comparatively limited in size, especially when compared with secondary storage.

• In a modern personal computer, primary storage is often around ____ in size.

Secondary Storage

Alternatively referred to as external memory, secondary memory, and auxiliary storage, this device is a non-volatile device that holds data until it is deleted or overwritten.

Secondary storage

Examples of this type of storage device include:

• Hard drive

• Solid-state drive

• USB thumb drive

• SD card

• CD

• DVD

• Floppy diskette

• Tape drive

Hard Disk Drives (HDD) & Solid-State Drives (SSD)

2 main types of Secondary Storage

removable

Secondary storage devices are often ______, so you can replace or upgrade your computer’s storage, or move your storage drive to a different computer.

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

Secondary Storage

• the original hard drive. These are magnetic storage devices that have been around since the 1950s, though they’ve evolved greatly over time.

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

Secondary Storage

• consists of a stack of spinning metal disks known as platters. Each spinning disk has trillions of tiny fragments that can be magnetized in order to represent bits (1s and 0s in binary code). An actuator arm with a read/write head scans the spinning platters and magnetizes fragments in order to write digital information onto the HDD, or detects magnetic charges to read information from it.

Platters

• A stack of spinning metal disks found in the HDD.

• Each spinning disk has trillions of tiny fragments that can be magnetized in order to represent bits (1s and 0s in binary code). An actuator arm with a read/write head scans the spinning platters and magnetizes fragments in order to write digital information onto the HDD, or detects magnetic charges to read information from it.

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

Secondary Storage

As well as laptop and PC storage, these are used for TV and satellite recorders and servers.

Solid-State Drives (SSD)

Secondary Storage

• Emerged far more recently, in the ‘90s. These don’t rely on magnets and disks, instead they use a type of flash memory called NAND.

• In an ____, semiconductors store information by changing the electrical current of circuits contained within the drive.

• Doesn’t require moving parts to operate.

Solid-State Drives (SSD)

• Works faster and smoother than HDDs, and also lasts longer than them.

• You can find them in newer PCs, high-end laptops, smartphones, tablets and sometimes video cameras.

External Storage Device

• In addition to storage media contained within a computer, there are also digital storage devices that are external from computers.

External Storage Device

• These are commonly used to expand storage capacity when a computer runs low on space, to allow more portability, and to allow easy file transfers from one device to another.

External HDDs and SSDs, Flash memory devices, Optical Storage Devices, Floppy Disks, Cloud Storage

5 types of External Storage Devices

External HDDs and SSDs

Types of External Storage Devices

• You can get both HDD and SSD devices as external drives. These generally offer the largest storage capacity among external options, with external HDDs offering up to 20 TB of storage and (reasonably-priced) external SSDs offering up to 8 TB of storage.

Flash memory devices

Types of External Storage Devices

• contains trillions of interconnected flash memory cells that store data. These cells hold millions of transistors that when switched on or off represent 1s and 0s in binary code, allowing a computer to read and write information based on the electrical current of the transistors.

USB flash drive

Flash memory devices

• The most recognizable type of flash memory device is the _________.

• AKA thumb drive or simply “____”.

• Small, portable storage devices have long been a popular choice for extra computer storage.

SD and memory cards

Flash memory devices

Aside from USB drives, flash memory devices also include ________, which you’ll recognize as the storage medium used in digital cameras.

Optical Storage Devices

Types of External Storage Devices

• CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray disks are used for a lot more than just playing music and videos—they also act as storage devices, and collectively they’re known as _______.

Binary code

• is stored on optical storage devices (CDs, DVDs, Blu-Ray disks) in the form of minuscule bumps along a track that spirals outwards from the center of the disk.

DVD; CD

Optical Storage Devices

A _____ has a tighter spiral track than a _____, allowing it to store more data despite being the same size, and a finer red laser is used in ____ drives than ___ drives. They also allow dual layering to increase their capacity further.

CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, BD-ROM

Optical Storage Devices

• Refer to optical storage disks that are read-only, meaning the data written on them is permanent and cannot be removed or overwritten.

• These are commonly used for software installation programs, but cannot be used as a personal storage device.

CD-R, DVD-R, and BD-R

Optical Storage Devices

• _________ format disks are recordable, but cannot be overwritten.

• Whatever data you save on a blank recordable disk will then be permanently stored on that disk. So, they can store data, but they’re not quite as flexible as other storage devices.

CD-RW, DVD-RW, and BD-RE

Optical Storage Devices

• re-writable, so you can continuously write new data on them and erase unwanted data from them.

• While they’ve been largely overtaken by newer technology like flash memory, _____ were for a long time the top choice for external storage—most desktop computers and many laptops have a CD or DVD drive.

Floppy Disks

Types of External Storage Devices

• Mostly obsolete at this point

• First widely-available portable, removable storage devices. They work in the same way as hard disk drives, although at a much smaller scale.

• Storage capacity never exceeded 200 MB

iMac

The ____ was the first personal computer released without a floppy disk drive, in 1998, and from here the over 30-year reign of the floppy disk very quickly declined.

Cloud Storage

Types of External Storage Devices

• Not necessarily a device per se, but it is the newest and most versatile type of storage for computers. It is not one place or object, but rather a huge collection of servers housed in data centers around the world. When you save a document to the ____, you’re storing it on these servers.

Cloud storage

Types of External Storage Devices

________ offers significantly higher storage capacities than USB flash drives and other physical options, saving you from having to sift through each device to get to the file you’re looking for.

Dropbox Smart Sync

Cloud Storage

With ________, you can access any file in your Dropbox directly from your desktop, so it’s just like your files are stored locally—only they don’t use up any of your disk space. Keeping all your files saved in Dropbox means they’re always one click away, they can be accessed from any device with an internet connection, and they can be shared in an instant.

Input Devices, Output Devices

What are the 2 kinds of parts/devices in an MIS?

Input Devices

Parts/Devices

• Convert data and instructions into electronic form for input into the computer.

Output Devices

Parts/Devices

• Convert electronic data produced by the computer  system  and display them in a form that people can understand. 

input device

• The data is processed into the main memory through the _______. The Computer accepts instructions from the user and converts the received instruction into machine language.

Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Scanner, Barcode Reader, Mics/Microphone

6 types of Input Devices

Keyboard

Parts/Devices

• one of the most prominent input devices of the computer. It operates similarly to typewriters. It is designed to input text numbers and characters. By using this, we do entire writing work on the computer.

Keyboard

Parts/Devices

• Physically, this part of a computer is rectangular. It has a set of keys or buttons arranged horizontally containing about 108 Keys, which act as electronic switches or mechanical levers, allowing us to enter information encoded to the computer system by pressing the keys.

Mouse

Parts/Devices

• Its function consists of detecting the movement when being moved on a flat surface and inputting this information so that the CPU interprets it and, thus, the mouse pointer imitates the movement on the computer screen.

Joystick

Parts/Devices

Another input device example that is a vertical stick-shaped device that looks like a movable vertical handle. With the help of these computer input devices, we can move the cursor in any direction on the screen.

Joystick

Parts/Devices

• It most of all resembles a gear lever or an aircraft control stick. Most often it contains buttons, switches, and sliders. The button is usually at the top of it which is used to select the option indicated by the cursor.

Joystick

Parts/Devices

It is more convenient to control the _____ in various simulators. For example, to control video games, training simulators, helicopters, and other equipment with a similar control system.

Scanner

Parts/Devices

• digital input device that is used to scan hard copy images, printed text, and objects and then convert it to a digital format.

Scanner

Parts/Devices

• It is also known as the Xerox machine. Image scanners are used in a variety of domestic and industrial applications such as design, gaming, reverse engineering, and testing.

• Since the document converts into an image in digital form so that it can be stored in the computer or can be edited, its best advantage is that the user does require to type the information. The possibility of errors in capturing such information has reduced.

Barcode Reader

Parts/Devices

• Device used to input data from a barcode. It is used to read the barcode printed on any product by code bar. Barcode reader detects existing data in barcodes by hitting beams of light on barcode lines. In such a way, information is obtained.

Barcode Reader

Parts/Devices

• proved to be very helpful in businesses. With the help of a ____, big companies can track their products. You can quickly know the Prices and Stocks Level from the bar code. Companies use this in their Computer Centralized System to increase their efficiency and productivity.

Mics/Microphones

Parts/Devices

• Through this, we can send recorded or live sound to a computer microphone. The microphone is used in a voice recorder, online chatting, singing, etc.

Mics/Microphones

Parts/Devices

• a device that converts sound vibration into an electronic signal which listens through speakers. Such applications and software have significantly contributed to the filmmakers. The significant benefits of mics are that they are minimal and cheap and have good response sensitivity.

Mics/Microphones

Parts/Devices

also being used as speech recognition software. This means that we do not have to type but speak and the words that were spoken appear in our document, which we knew as The Speech Input Device.

Supercomputer, Mainframe Computer, Mini Computer, Microcomputer

4 classifications of computers

Supercomputer

4 Classifications of Computers

• the fastest and powerful, and expensive type of computer for processing data. Its size and storage capacity are also huge (can occupy huge premises) designed to process vast amounts of data in a short time with high productivity.

Supercomputer

4 Classifications of Computers

• specially made to perform multi-specific tasks. Therefore, many CPUs work in parallel order on these supercomputers. This function of a Supercomputer is called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing.

  • Ex. IBM Roadburner, IBM Blue Gene, Intel ASI Red. PARAM-1000, and CRAY-XMP-14.

Supercomputer

4 Classifications of Computers

Uses:

• In research and study of energy and nuclear weapons and designing the aircraft, airplanes, and flight simulators.

• Climate research and Weather Forecasting and Prediction of Natural Disasters.

• Spaceship and Satellite Launching.

• Used in scientific research laboratories.

• Used in Chemical and Biological research and for highly calculation complex tasks.

Mainframe Computer

4 Classifications of Computers

• Multiprogramming, high-performance computers, and multi-user, which means it can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time on the computer.

• The storage capacity of the mainframe is enormous, with a high-speed data process as well. As well as handling hundreds of input and output devices at a time.

Mainframe Computer

4 Classifications of Computers

• Highly efficient computer capable of simultaneously solving complex calculations and continuously for a long time.

• Ex. IBM Es000 series, ICL39 Series, and CDC 6600.

Mainframe Computer

4 Classifications of Computers

Uses:

• These are mainly used by departmental and commercial organizations like Banks, Companies, Scientific research centers, and governmental departments like railways. These computers can work for 24 hours. Hundreds of users can work on these computations simultaneously.

• Using the mainframe completes the tasks, Such as keeping details of payments, research centers, advertising, sending bills and notices, paying employees, ticket booking, maintaining details of purchases by users, keeping detailed tax details, etc.

Mini Computer

4 Classifications of Computers

• Medium type of computers that have more functionality power and are more expensive than microcomputers. On the other hand, the size, storage, and speed of minicomputers are large. 

Mini Computer

4 Classifications of Computers

• Made for performing a lot of computers at a single point of time, instead of assigning many microcomputers for every task, which will be time-consuming and expensive.

Mini Computer

4 Classifications of Computers

• a multi-threaded system (several processes at a time) capable of supporting from one to up to 200 users simultaneously: these computers are currently used to store large databases, multi-user applications, and the automation industry.

• Ex. PDP 11 and IBM (8000 Series)

Mini Computers

4 Classifications of Computers

Uses:

• used as real-time applications in Industries, bookings, and Research Centres. Banks also use these for preparing payroll for employees’ salaries, records, tracking of financial accounts, etc. As well as in the field of Higher Education and Engineering.

Microcomputer

4 Classifications of Computers

• Examples:

  • Desktop

  • Laptop

  • Smartphones 

  • Tablet

  • PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

  • Server Microcomputer

  • Server Microcomputer

  • Computer Workstation

Microcomputer

4 Classifications of Computers

• minimal in size and storage capacity. These computers consist of many parts like Input and Output devices, Software, operating systems, networks, and Servers all these need to connect to form a complete Personal Digital Computer.

Microcomputer

4 Classifications of Computers

• The purpose is to keep and process everyday tasks and needs of the people. Only one person can work on a single PC at a time, but its operating system is multitasking. The PC can be connected to the Internet to take benefits and enhance the user experience.

Microcomputer

4 Classifications of Computers

• Uses:

  • PC is being widely used in many fields like home, office, data collection, business, education, entertainment, publishing, etc.

  • It keeps the details and prepares letters for correspondence in small businesses, creating bills, accounting, word processing, and operation of the filing systems in a large company.

  • Some of the major PC manufacturers are IBM, Lenovo, Apple, HCL, HP, etc.

Desktop, Laptop, Smartphones, Tablets, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), Server Microcomputer, Computer Workstation,

What are the 7 types of Microcomputers?

Desktop

Types of Microcomputers

• also called a Personal Computers and stationery PC.

• most widespread and universal computer for a wide range of users for both casual or commercial purposes.

• primarily designed to work at a fixed place i.e on a desk. They are usually larger in size and more powerful than other types of microcomputers. The main component of desktop computers is its system unit i.e vertical Case/Tower that is usually placed under the table.

modular device

• The system unit of a PC is a _______, which means the ability to replace or construct each component independently.

• The other components are monitor, keyboard, mouse, and speakers are connected to the system unit in order to interact with each other.

Laptop

Types of Microcomputers

• portable microcomputer, and has an almost similar function to desktop computers.

• These combine all the important components such as CPU, display, RAM, HDD, battery, mouse (touchpad), and keyboard in a single case.

Smartphones

Types of Microcomputers

• another example of portable microcomputers. Today’s latest smartphones have almost similar capabilities to a computer and many other unique features from simple communication to advanced recognition of a person by its fingerprint.

• phone-based operating system such as Android and IOS. The operating system is a complex of all those applications, which makes an ordinary mobile phone into an advanced versatile smartphone.

Tablets

Types of Microcomputers

• other types of microcomputers that are thin in width and light in weight, let’s make you write notes or draw on the display screen with both fingers or a pen. Tablets can be a universal solution for some people.