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Give rise to ear

otic placodes

is an inner ear organ located within the cochlea that contributes to audition.

Organ of Corti

otolith organs

saccule, utricle

saccule, utricle

otolith organs

head movement stable reflex

vestibulo-ocular reflex

rapid movement of eye

nystagmus

record electrical activity in the brain, cortical

electroencephalogram

Origin: CNS//PNS

neural plate//neural crest

imcomplete closure of neural tube

spina bifida

failure closure of neural tube

anencephaly

axon guidance, Angiogenesis (血管新生)

ephrin

mimic alzheimer’s symptoms dur to CSF buildup

normal pressure hydrocephalus

unprovoked seizures

epilepsy

immune system (autoimmune) attack myelin

multiple sclerosis

early sign of MS

optic neuritis

2 stroke

ischemic, hemorrhagic

inflammation of membrane//brain

meningitis//encephalitis

TBI : brain jolt

traumatic brain injury

mild TBI

concussion

blood bleed

hematomas

accumulate CSF

cerebral edema

cant [speak,purposeful movement, process sensory info]

aphasia, apraxia, agnosia

cant [coordination,move]

ataxia, persistent vegetative state

alzheimer’s … accumulate

beta-amyloid, neurofibrillary tangle

neurofibrillary tangle

hyperphosphorylated

Delusion, hallucination 思覺失調 ~ dopamine

schizophrenia

copper acc

wilson’s disease

decrease/inc appetite

leptin, ghrelin

Ca2+ —> bone (vv)

calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

milk production

prolactin

painkiller

endorphin

[inhibit reuptake of dopamine (毒品), alcohol inc effect of ]

cocaine, GABA

[make CSF, support in PNS] cell

ependymal, satellite

damage to posterior parietal (associate)

hemispatial neglect

Produce histamine (hypothalamus)

tuberomammillary nucleus

produced by cells in the lateral hypothalamus —> narcolepsy

orexin

is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Attention, reward

nucleus accumbens

enter hippocampus

entohinal cortex

a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic. It is a part of the reticular activating system

locus coeruleus

connect LR temporal lobe

anterior commissure

—>glycine

serine

Light bleaches

rhodopsin

a local anaesthetic

Lidocaine

hippothalamus — pituitary gland

infundibular stalk

Test min distance b&/ 2 stimulii [-test]

two-point discrimination

antipressant

fluoxetine, paroxetine

stretching

ruffini’s end organ

pathway (DCML) carries the sensory modalities of fine touch (tactile sensation), vibration and proprioception.

dorsal column-medial lemniscal

• substantia gelatinosa —> thalamus

• Anterior __ tract – carries the sensory modalities of crude touch and pressure.

• Lateral __ tract – carries the sensory modalities of pain and temperature.

spinothalamic

All ipsilateral

• Posterior __ tract – proprioceptive from the lower limbs

• Anterior __ tract – proprioceptive information from the lower limbs. The fibres decussate twice

• Rostral __ tract – Carries proprioceptive information from the upper limbs

• unconcious

spinocerebellar

• __ Pathway: Associated with detecting motion and contrast; important for identifying the location of visual images.

Magnocellular

• __ Pathway: Associated with color perception and fine detail (form).

Parvocellular

• __ Tract: Influences automatic movements and muscle tone

Reticulospinal

cluster of interconnected nuclei that form a part of the basal ganglia. It is involved in decision making functions, such as motor control, emotion, habit formation, and reward.

striatum

are a bruising or swelling of the brain

when blood vessels bleed into brain tissue.

Contusion

primarily dopamine, norepinephrine,  and  serotonin. Our body uses an enzyme called __ (MAO)

monoamine oxidase

Modulate / descending pain

Periaqueductal Gray

The __ is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway

inferior colliculus

________ is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, communication difficulties, and repetitive behaviors.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Serotonergic System includes the __ and is involved in regulating mood, sleep, and appetite.

raphe nuclei

________ is a type of epilepsy characterized by sudden, brief lapses in muscle tone, often triggered by strong emotions.

cataplexy

________ is a type of neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The ________ is a structure in the brain that is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms and is synchronized by light input from the retina.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

__ means that different parts of the _ gyrus are associated with distinct parts of the body.

somatotopic, precentral

The gyrus is the primary receiving area for _ (i.e: kinesthetic, tactile)

postcentral, somesthetic

__ sulcus divide parietal lobe to superior and inferior, inferior consists of _ gyrus and _ gyrus.

interparietal, supramarginal, angular

The superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus lie the transverse gyri of _, which constitute the primary auditory receiving area.

Heschl