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Moratorium (adolescent development)
The status of an adolescent who is actively exploring various options and is not yet committed to a specific identity.
Racial/ethnic identity
The sense of belonging to a particular racial or ethnic group and the significance and implications of that membership in one's self-concept.
Sexual orientation
The direction of an individual's sexual attraction, whether towards the same sex, the opposite sex, or both.
Religious identity
The aspect of an individual's self-concept that is defined by their religious beliefs and practices.
Occupational identity
An individual's sense of self based on their career and professional roles.
Familial identity
The aspect of an individual's identity derived from their family roles and relationships.
Possible selves
The various identities and roles an individual may become in the future, which influence their current behavior and aspirations.
Autonomy and shame and doubt
The second stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, where individuals develop a sense of independence and self-control, and may experience shame and doubt if not successfully achieved.
Initiative and guilt
The third stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, where children learn to take initiative and may feel guilt if they overstep boundaries.
Industry and inferiority
The fourth stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, characterized by children developing a sense of competence and achievement, or feelings of inferiority if they fail to meet expectations.
Identity and role confusion
The fifth stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, where adolescents explore their personal identity and experience confusion if they struggle to form a coherent self-concept.
Intimacy and isolation
The sixth stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, focusing on forming deep, meaningful relationships versus feeling isolated.
Generativity and stagnation
The seventh stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, where adults focus on contributing to society and guiding the next generation, or may experience stagnation if they feel unproductive.
Integrity and despair
The eighth stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, where individuals reflect on their life and either achieve a sense of fulfillment or face despair.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
Traumatic or stressful events occurring during childhood that can have long-lasting effects on an individual's health and well-being.
Achievement (adolescent development)
A status in adolescent development where individuals have made commitments to specific roles and goals.
Diffusion (adolescent development)
A status in adolescent development where individuals have not yet made any commitments and are not actively exploring options.
Foreclosure (adolescent development)
A status in adolescent development where individuals have made commitments based on parental or societal expectations without exploring other options.
Avoidant attachment
An attachment style characterized by a lack of trust in others and avoidance of close relationships.
Anxious attachment
An attachment style marked by a preoccupation with attachment relationships and a high level of anxiety about the availability of others.
Disorganized attachment
An attachment style characterized by a lack of clear attachment behavior, often resulting from inconsistent or frightening caregiving.
Temperament
An individual's inherent personality traits and emotional reactivity that influence their interactions and behaviors.
Separation anxiety
The distress experienced by children when separated from their primary caregivers.
Contact comfort
The physical and emotional comfort derived from physical contact with a caregiver.
Parallel play
A type of play where children play alongside each other but do not directly interact or collaborate.
Pretend play
A form of play where children use imagination to create scenarios and roles that are not present in reality.
Egocentrism
The inability to see things from perspectives other than one's own, common in early childhood.
Imaginary audience
A belief held by adolescents that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern.
Personal fable
The belief in adolescence that one's experiences and feelings are unique and not shared by others.
Social clock
The societal expectations for the timing of major life events, such as marriage and career milestones.
Emerging adulthood
A developmental stage between adolescence and adulthood, characterized by exploration and instability.
Stage theory of psychosocial development (Erikson)
Erik Erikson's theory of development across the lifespan, which includes eight stages each characterized by a psychosocial conflict.
Trust and mistrust
The first stage in Erikson's theory, focusing on the development of trust when caregivers provide reliable care.
Babbling
The stage of early language development where infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations.
One-word stage
A stage in language development where children use single words to convey entire sentences or thoughts.
Telegraphic speech
Early speech where children use two-word phrases that convey meaning but lack grammatical complexity.
Overgeneralization of language rules
The tendency of young children to apply grammatical rules too broadly, such as using "goed" instead of "went."
Ecological systems theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory that emphasizes the multiple levels of environmental influence on child development.
Microsystem
The immediate environment and relationships that directly impact an individual, such as family and school.
Mesosystem
The interactions and relationships between different microsystems, such as between family and school.
Exosystem
The broader social systems that indirectly influence an individual, such as a parent's workplace.
Macrosystem
The larger cultural and societal context that impacts an individual's development, such as cultural values and economic conditions.
Chronosystem
The dimension of time in Bronfenbrenner's theory, considering how changes over time affect development.
Authoritarian parenting
A parenting style characterized by high demand and low responsiveness, with strict rules and expectations.
Authoritative parenting
A parenting style characterized by high demand and high responsiveness, with supportive and balanced rules and expectations.
Permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by low demand and high responsiveness, with few rules and high levels of affection.
Attachment styles
Patterns of relationships developed in early childhood that affect interpersonal relationships throughout life.
Secure attachment
An attachment style where individuals feel comfortable with intimacy and autonomy in relationships.
Insecure attachment
An attachment style where individuals may have difficulties with intimacy and trust in relationships.
Scaffolding (as it pertains to Vygotsky)
Support provided by a more knowledgeable person that helps an individual achieve a higher level of understanding or skill.
Zone of proximal development
The range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable person but cannot yet perform independently.
Crystallized intelligence
The ability to use knowledge and experience to solve problems, which tends to remain stable with age.
Fluid intelligence
The capacity to think logically and solve novel problems, which may decline with age.
Dementia
A general term for a decline in cognitive ability severe enough to interfere with daily life, often seen in older adults.
Language
The system of communication that uses symbols, such as spoken or written words, to convey meaning.
Phonemes
The smallest units of sound in a language that distinguish words from each other.
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning in a language, which can be words or parts of words.
Semantics
The branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of words and sentences.
Grammar
The set of rules governing the structure of sentences in a language.
Syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Nonverbal Gestures
Communicative actions or expressions that do not involve spoken language, such as facial expressions or body movements.
Cooing
The early stage of language development where infants make soft, vowel-like sounds.
Assimilation
The process of incorporating new information into existing cognitive schemas.
Accommodation
The process of adjusting existing cognitive schemas to incorporate new information.
Sensorimotor stage
The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
Object permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
Preoperational stage
The second stage in Piaget's theory, characterized by the development of language and symbolic thinking but lacking logical operations.
Mental symbols
Symbols used in thought processes to represent objects, concepts, and experiences.
Pretend play
Play in which children use imagination to create scenarios and roles, often seen in the preoperational stage.
Conservation
The understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in their form or appearance.
Reversibility
The ability to understand that objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition.
Animism
The belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions, typical of the preoperational stage.
Egocentrism
The inability to see things from perspectives other than one's own, characteristic of the preoperational stage.
Theory of mind
The understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one's own.
Concrete operational stage
The third stage in Piaget's theory, where children gain a better understanding of logical operations and can perform mental operations on concrete objects.
Formal operational stage
The fourth stage in Piaget's theory, characterized by the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically.
Lev Vygotsky
A psychologist known for his work on cognitive development and the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development.
Critical periods
Specific times during development when certain skills or abilities are most easily acquired.
Sensitive periods
Times in development when an individual is more responsive to certain types of learning and environmental stimuli.
Imprinting
A form of rapid learning that occurs in a very specific period, often shortly after birth, where young animals develop strong attachments.
Growth Spurt
A rapid increase in physical growth during adolescence, typically during puberty.
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation where an individual becomes capable of reproduction.
Primary sex characteristics
The physical characteristics directly involved in reproduction, such as the development of ovaries and testes.
Secondary sex characteristics
Physical traits that distinguish the sexes but are not directly involved in reproduction, such as facial hair and breast development.
Menarche
The first menstrual period in females, marking the onset of reproductive capability.
Spermarche
The first occurrence of ejaculation in males, marking the onset of reproductive capability.
Menopause
The time in a woman's life when menstrual periods permanently stop, signaling the end of reproductive capability.
Sex
The biological distinction between males and females based on anatomy and reproductive functions.
Gender
The roles, behaviors, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women.
Socialization
The process by which individuals learn and adopt the behaviors, values, and norms of their culture.
Jean Piaget
A Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development, which describes how children develop logical thinking.
Schemas
Cognitive structures or frameworks that help individuals organize and interpret information.
Developmental Psychology
The branch of psychology that studies how people grow and change throughout their lifespan.
Stability and change
A debate in developmental psychology regarding whether personality traits present during infancy endure throughout life or change over time.
Nature and nurture
The ongoing debate in psychology over the relative contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) to individual development.
Continuous development
The view that development is a gradual, continuous process.
Discontinuous development
The view that development occurs in distinct stages.
Cross-sectional research
A type of research design that compares individuals of different ages at a single point in time to understand age-related changes.
Longitudinal research
A research design that studies the same individuals over an extended period to observe changes over time.
Teratogens
Substances or environmental factors that can cause harm to a developing fetus, leading to birth defects or other developmental problems.
