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AO1- Freud- superego
Freud: Superego formed during phallic stage through identification with same-sex parent.
AO1- weak superego
Weak superego → criminal behaviour due to lack of guilt.
AO1- deviant superego
Deviant superego → internalises deviant values (e.g., criminal father).
AO1- over-harsh superego
Over-harsh superego → guilt drives desire for punishment.
AO1- unconscious conflicts
Unconscious conflicts from early childhood influence later behaviour.
AO1- defence mechanisms
Role of defence mechanisms: displacement and repression.
AO3- gender bias
❌ Gender bias: females seen to develop weaker superego but commit less crime.
AO3- lack of empirical evidence
❌ Lack of empirical evidence—based on unconscious, untestable concepts.
AO3- contradictory evidence
❌ Contradictory evidence—children with absent fathers not more criminal.
AO3- overemphasis on childhood
❌ Overemphasis on childhood, ignores social/environmental factors.