Cognition+Exam+2

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/53

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

54 Terms

1
New cards

Memory

The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

2
New cards

Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

A graph that illustrates the decline of memory retention over time.

3
New cards

Spacing Effect

The phenomenon where information is better remembered when study sessions are spaced apart.

4
New cards

Types of Memory

Different categories of memory including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

5
New cards

Sensory Memory

The brief retention of sensory information, including iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory.

6
New cards

Chunking

A technique used to improve memory capacity by grouping information into larger chunks.

7
New cards

Baddeley’s Working Memory Model

A model that describes the structure and function of short-term memory, including components like the central executive and phonological loop.

8
New cards

Explicit Memory

Memory that involves conscious recall, including episodic and semantic memory.

9
New cards

Implicit Memory

Memory that does not require conscious thought, including priming and procedural memory.

10
New cards

Levels of Processing Theory

A theory suggesting that memory retention depends on the depth of processing a piece of information receives.

11
New cards

Self-Reference Effect

The tendency for individuals to better remember information that is personally relevant.

12
New cards

Context Dependence

The phenomenon where memory retrieval is improved when context at encoding matches context at retrieval.

13
New cards

Amnesia

A form of memory loss affecting the ability to recall information, which can be retrograde (loss of prior memories) or anterograde (inability to form new memories).

14
New cards

False Memories

Memories that individuals believe to be true but are distorted or fabricated.

15
New cards

Prototype Approach

A theory that categorizes concepts based on the best examples of a category, known as prototypes.

16
New cards

Semantic Networks

A theoretical framework that represents knowledge as a network of interconnected concepts.

17
New cards

Connectionist Models

Computational models that simulate how information is processed in the brain through interconnected networks.

18
New cards

Memory Encoding

The process of transforming sensory input into a format that can be stored in memory.

19
New cards

Memory Storage

The maintenance of encoded information over time.

20
New cards

Memory Retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing to consciousness information stored in memory.

21
New cards

Iconic Memory

A type of sensory memory that holds visual images for a short duration.

22
New cards

Echoic Memory

A type of sensory memory that holds auditory information for a brief period.

23
New cards

Short-term Memory Capacity

Typically holds 7±2 items, according to Miller’s Law.

24
New cards

Long-term Memory Duration

Can last from minutes to a lifetime.

25
New cards

Rehearsal

The cognitive process of repeatedly thinking about or verbalizing information to enhance memory retention.

26
New cards

Interference Theory

A theory suggesting that memory can be disrupted by the presence of other information.

27
New cards

Retroactive Interference

When newer information interferes with the recall of older information.

28
New cards

Proactive Interference

When older information interferes with the learning or recall of new information.

29
New cards

Primacy Effect

The tendency to remember the first items in a list better than those in the middle.

30
New cards

Recency Effect

The tendency to remember the most recent items in a list better than those at the beginning.

31
New cards

Mnemonic Devices

Memory aids that use associations, acronyms, or visualization to enhance recall.

32
New cards

Contextual Cues

External stimuli that help retrieve memories based on the context in which they were learned.

33
New cards

State-Dependent Learning

Memory retrieval is enhanced when one is in the same physiological or psychological state as when the information was encoded.

34
New cards

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid, detailed memories of emotionally significant events.

35
New cards

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A feeling of knowing that a particular word or name is on the verge of being recalled.

36
New cards

Declarative Memory

Memory of facts and events that can be consciously recalled, including episodic and semantic memory.

37
New cards

Procedural Memory

Memory for the performance of particular types of actions or skills.

38
New cards

Semantic Memory

A category of explicit memory that involves the recollection of facts and knowledge.

39
New cards

Episodic Memory

A category of explicit memory that involves recollection of personal experiences and specific events.

40
New cards

Brain Regions Involved in Memory

The hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex are key regions for different types of memory processing.

41
New cards

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.

42
New cards

Amnestic Syndrome

A condition characterized by significant memory loss and the inability to form new memories.

43
New cards

Memory Consolidation

The process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories.

44
New cards

Overlearning

Continued practice of learned information beyond initial mastery, which enhances retention.

45
New cards

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

Forgetting that occurs due to a lack of proper cues to retrieve the memory.

46
New cards

Memory Distortion

Alterations of memory that occur over time, potentially leading to inaccuracies.

47
New cards

Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony

Eyewitness accounts can be affected by memory distortion and suggestion, leading to inaccuracies.

48
New cards

Encoding Specificity Principle

Memory is improved when information at retrieval matches the encoding context.

49
New cards

False Memory Syndrome

A condition in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by false memories.

50
New cards

Autobiographical Memory

A form of memory that involves recollection of significant experiences in one’s life.

51
New cards

Memory Palaces

A mnemonic technique where visualization is used to associate information with specific physical locations.

52
New cards

Hyperthymesia

A condition characterized by an extraordinary ability to recall personal life events in great detail.

53
New cards

Social Constructivism

A theory that emphasizes the role of social interactions in shaping memory and learning.

54
New cards

Memory and Aging

Memory capabilities can decline with age, particularly affecting recall and processing speed.