READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

REVIEWER

• It is derived from the Greek word “historia” which means “learning, knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation”.

HISTORY

It is systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological factor in the account.

ARISTOTLE

• By its most common definition, it means “the past of mankind.”

(Excerpts from Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method by Louis Gottschalk)

Most famous for writing a work called “Histories”, a lengthy account of the Greco- Persian Wars, as well as the customs, cultures, and geography of various people he encountered or learned about.

HERODOTUS (FATHER OF HISTORY)

It is a discipline grounded in scientific inquiry, marked by methodical investigation, rigorous analysis, and evidence-based interpretation. As a science, it transcends mere story telling; it is empirical pursuit of truth through the systematic examination of past human experiences.

HISTORY AS A SCIENCE

WHY STUDY HISTORY?

1. To Understand the Past

2. To Understand the Present

3. To Learn from Mistakes and

Successes

4. To Develop Critical Thinking

5. To Build Identity and

Citizenship

6. To Inspire and Empower

WHAT IS THE RELEVANCE OF HISTORY TO LIFE?

1. Shapes Identity and Values

2. Guides Our Decisions

3. Promotes Social Awareness

4. Builds a Sense of Responsibility

5. Prepares Us for the Future

WHAT IS A SOURCE IN HISTORY?

• In history, a source is any material that provides information or evidence about the past. Historians use sources to study, interpret, and understand historical events, people, and cultures. There are two main types of historical sources: Primary Sources and Secondary Sources

• Regarded as the source of the “best evidence”. This is because the data come from the testimony of able eye and eyewitnesses to past events. They may also consist of actual objects used in the past which can be directly scrutinize or examine.

• Original, firsthand account of an event, created by someone who witnessed or experienced it.

PRIMARY SOURCES

• The information supplied by a person who was not a direct observer or participant of the event, object, or condition.

• Works that analyze, interpret, or summarize information from primary sources. These are created after the event has happened.

SECONDARY SOURCES

• These are places or institutions where primary sources are stored, preserved, and accessed for study and research. They are essential for historians and scholars.

REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

Examples:

1. Libraries

2. Archives

3. Museums

4. Churches and Schools

5. Online Databases

• Firsthand written accounts or records

Ex. Diaries, letters, legal documents, newspapers, speeches

WRITTEN DOCUMENTS

• Images that capture events or people

Ex. Photographs,paintings, political cartoons, maps

VISUAL MATERIALS

• Verbal accounts from witnesses or participants

Ex. Recorded interviews, eyewitness testimonies

ORAL HISTORIES

• Physical objects from the past

Ex. Tools, coins, clothing, pottery, furniture

ARTIFACTS

• Recorded sound ormoving images

Ex. Radio broadcasts, film footage, music recordings

AUDIO AND VIDEO

• Documents created by institutions

Ex. Birth certificates, treaties, census records, laws

OFFICIAL RECORDS

• Life stories written by the person who experienced them

Ex. Rizal’s “Memoirs”

AUTOBIOGRAPHIES/MEMOIRS

• Textbooks about World War II, Philippine Revolution, or Ancient Civilizations

HISTORY BOOKS

• A biography of Jose Rizal written by a modern historian

BIOGRAPHIES

• Journal articles analyzing historical events or trends

SCHOLARLY ARTICLES

• A TV documentary on the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

DOCUMENTARIES

• Entries on historical figures, events, or places

(e.g., Wikipedia, Britannica)

ENCYCLOPEDIAS

• Articles that evaluate or interpret other historical writings

HISTORICAL ESSAYS OR REVIEWS

• A thesis or dissertation discussing causes of a revolution

RESEARCH PAPERS

• A book reviewing the meaning and symbolism in Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere

CRITICISM OR COMMENTARY

• It is a method used by historians and scholars to evaluate and analyze historical sources—especially written documents—to determine their authenticity, accuracy, reliability, and meaning based on the historical context.

HISTORICAL CRITICISM

It answers the questions:

• Is the source genuine?

• When and why was it written?

• Who wrote it and for what purpose?

• What can it tell us about the time period?

ALSO HISTORICAL CRITICISM

• It is the process of analyzing the content of a historical source to judge its trustworthiness and accuracy.

Purpose: To evaluate what the source says, determine whether the author is telling the truth, and identify possible bias.

INTERNAL CRITICISM

Questions asked:

• Is the information accurate?

• Was the author biased?

• Does the source agree with other known facts or accounts?

ALSO INTERNAL CRITICISM

• It is the process of examining the physical features of a historical source to determine if it is real or fake.

Purpose: To check if the document or artifact is genuine, and to know when, where, and by whom it was produced.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

Questions asked:

• Is the handwriting or signature real?

• Is the paper, ink, or material consistent with the time period?

• Was the document really created at the stated date and place?

ALSO EXTERNAL CRITICISM