Studied by 74 people
Habit
A repeated act that becomes a characteristic of an individual
Custom
A repeated act that becomes a characteristic of a group
Culture
A collection of habits and customs
Folk Culture
Culture practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group that live in isolation
Pop Culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that still shares certain habits
Material Culture
Distinct parts of a culture you can see and touch
Examples of Material Culture
Food, Architecture, Clothes, Performances
Non-material culture
Beliefs, Practices, and Values
Examples of non-material culture
Language, Religion, Social norms of women
Cultural Landscape
Combination of cultural features that makes a region unique from others
Taboo
A culture banning the consumption or use of foods, animals, etc.
Sequential Occupancy
The influence on a place as successive societies leave their cultural imprint
Convergence
The collapse of two languages into one from spatial interaction
Divergence
When a new language is formed due to lack of interaction
Assimiliation
Immigrants lose their culture and adopt their new host culture
Acculturation
The adoption of behaviour patterns of the surrounding culture
Appropriation
Adopting particular customs to popular culture
Centripetal Force
Cultural values that unify people
Centrifugal Force
Cultural values that seperate people
Language Family Definition
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
Language Branch Definition
Languages related through a common ancestor that can be confirmed through archaeological evidence
Language Group Definition
Languages within a branch that share a common origin in the recent past, with few differences in grammar and vocabulary
Language Dialect
Variety of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling, and pronounciation
Language Family Example
Indo-European
Language Branch Example
Germanic
Language Group Example
West Germanic
Romance Branch
A branch from the Indo-European Family that includes the languages, French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese
Sino-Tibetan Family
Has the second most amount of speakers, and the most spoken language, Mandarin.
First ancestor of English
Celtics lived in England
Second ancestor of English
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes pushed Celtics into Ireland and Cornwall
Third ancestor of English
Norman William the Conqueror and the French invade England in 1066.
Diffusion of English
The Anglosphere, which is the countries that now speak English through colonialism, Ireland, North America, Australia, Philippines
Nomadic Warrior Theory
A theory of the spread of the Indo-European language, Kurgan people at Russian Steppe migrated West and conquered Europe
Sedentary Farmer Theory
A theory of the spread of the Indo-European language, farmers in Anatolia, Turkey spread the language through agricultural terms and concepts
Lingua Franca
Language used by people who have different native languages
Logogram
A symbol that represents a word instead of a sound
Franglais
A mix of French and English
American and British English
New objects discovered after settlers arrived in North America have different spellings, pronunciations, or are completely different words
North-US dialect
Settlers were Puritans from East Anglia in SE England, and the characteristic of dropping the r is still shared with the English
South-US dialect
Come from SE England, but are mainly prisoners, servants, and political/religious refugees
Midland-US dialect
More diverse, N England, Scots, Irish, German, Dutch, and Swedish
Working Language
Language used by an international organization to communicate in daily conversations
Standard Language
The form of a language used for official government, business, education, and communication
Isogloss
Boundary that separates regions with different language usages
Pidgin Language
A form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca
Creolized Language
The result of mixing a colonizers language with the current native language
Mutual Intelligibility
The ability of people communicating in two ways to understand each other without familiarity or effort
(Severely) Endangered Language
A language that children are no longer learning, and the remaining speakers use it less frequently
Isolated Language
A language unrelated to any other language
Universalizing Religion
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people across the globe
Ethnic Religion
Concentrated at a single location, and belief is based on certain physical characteristics where the adherents are located
Atheism
The belief that god does not exist
Agnosticism
The belief that the existence of god cannot be proven or disproven
Animism
The belief that objects such as plants and stones, or events like earthquakes have a spirit and life
Monotheism
The belief in one god
Polytheism
The belief in multiple gods
Religion
A persons identification, and how they relate to their surroundings
Religious Branch
Large and fundamental division within a religion
Denomination
Division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single body
Congregation
A local assembly of people brought together for common religious worship
Founder of Christianity
Jesus
Founder of Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
Founder of Islam
Muhammad
Origins of Hinduism
Unknown, somewhere in India
Founder and Origins of Judaism
Abraham, likely mythical, Israel
Christian distribution
World wide
Muslim distribution
South, Central, Middle East, Indonesia, North Africa
Buddhist distribution
South East Asia, Japan
Hindu distribution
India, Nepal, Bangladesh
Jewish distribution
Israel, United States
Christian Holy Places
Church, Jerusalem, Holy Sepulchre
Muslim Holy Places
Mosque, Mekah (Masjid al-Haram), Madinah, Jerusalem
Buddhist Holy Places
Pagoda, Sankasya, Shravasti, Lumbini, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Rajgir, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath
Hindu Holy Places
Temples for their gods
Jewish Holy Places
Jerusalem
What calendar do Christians use?
A solar calendar, but Easter is on the Sunday after the first full MOON after Spring Equinox
What calendar do Muslims use?
30 year lunar calendar, months correspond to moon phases
What calendar do Buddhists use?
Lunisolar calendar, different branches celebrate holidays on different days
What calendar do Jews use?
Lunisolar, three major holidays are related to agricultural seasons
Theravada Buddhism
Nirvana is attainable only by Monks, found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos
Mahayana Buddhism
Nirvana is attainable by all, found in Japan, Korea, Vietnam
Origins of Abrahamic Religions
Jerusalem
What are the Abrahamic Religions?
Christianity, Islam, Judaism
Shiite Muslims
Holy leaders related to a successor to Muhammed. Live predominantly in Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen
Sunni Muslims
Holy leaders are selected on merit. Live predominantly in Africa, Indonisia, South and Central Asia
How did Christianity diffuse?
50-300 CE: Missionaries spread through Europe
1500-1900 CE: Colonists spread to Americas, Australia, Africa
Autonomous Religion
Religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
Hierarchical Religion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
Cosmogony
Set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
Fundamentalism
Religious sect that uncompromisingly follows the foundations of a faith
Religious Extremism
A fundamentalist group that advocates their way by means of violence
Theocracy
Government whose authority is derived from a deity
Germanic locations
Germany, Scandinavian countries (minus Finland), UK, Austria, Switzerland
Balto-Slavic
East Europe (Including Russia)
How does pop culture diffuse?
Hierarchical diffusion, from MDC to MDC
How does pop culture interact with the environment? (HEI)
Alter environment to match cultural preferences
How do folk cultures interact with the environment? (HEI)
They adapt to whatever happens, and the natural landscape is part of their culture
Why were food taboo’s created?
Because of what the landscape allowed. In India, cows were needed to plow the fields.
What is an example of a convergence language?
English and Maltese are mixing on the island of Malta
What is an example of a divergence language?
Norwegian branches off of Swedish because of a mountain range separating the two languages
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Flashcard (201)