AP Human Geo - Unit 7 Test

Habit

A repeated act that becomes a characteristic of an individual

Custom

A repeated act that becomes a characteristic of a group

Culture

A collection of habits and customs

Folk Culture

Culture practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group that live in isolation

Pop Culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that still shares certain habits

Material Culture

Distinct parts of a culture you can see and touch

Examples of Material Culture

Food, Architecture, Clothes, Performances

Non-material culture

Beliefs, Practices, and Values

Examples of non-material culture

Language, Religion, Social norms of women

Cultural Landscape

Combination of cultural features that makes a region unique from others

Taboo

A culture banning the consumption or use of foods, animals, etc.

Sequential Occupancy

The influence on a place as successive societies leave their cultural imprint

Convergence

The collapse of two languages into one from spatial interaction

Divergence

When a new language is formed due to lack of interaction

Assimiliation

Immigrants lose their culture and adopt their new host culture

Acculturation

The adoption of behaviour patterns of the surrounding culture

Appropriation

Adopting particular customs to popular culture

Centripetal Force

Cultural values that unify people

Centrifugal Force

Cultural values that seperate people

Language Family Definition

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

Language Branch Definition

Languages related through a common ancestor that can be confirmed through archaeological evidence

Language Group Definition

Languages within a branch that share a common origin in the recent past, with few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Language Dialect

Variety of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling, and pronounciation

Language Family Example

Indo-European

Language Branch Example

Germanic

Language Group Example

West Germanic

Romance Branch

A branch from the Indo-European Family that includes the languages, French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese

Sino-Tibetan Family

Has the second most amount of speakers, and the most spoken language, Mandarin.

First ancestor of English

Celtics lived in England

Second ancestor of English

Angles, Saxons, and Jutes pushed Celtics into Ireland and Cornwall

Third ancestor of English

Norman William the Conqueror and the French invade England in 1066.

Diffusion of English

The Anglosphere, which is the countries that now speak English through colonialism, Ireland, North America, Australia, Philippines

Nomadic Warrior Theory

A theory of the spread of the Indo-European language, Kurgan people at Russian Steppe migrated West and conquered Europe

Sedentary Farmer Theory

A theory of the spread of the Indo-European language, farmers in Anatolia, Turkey spread the language through agricultural terms and concepts

Lingua Franca

Language used by people who have different native languages

Logogram

A symbol that represents a word instead of a sound

Franglais

A mix of French and English

American and British English

New objects discovered after settlers arrived in North America have different spellings, pronunciations, or are completely different words

North-US dialect

Settlers were Puritans from East Anglia in SE England, and the characteristic of dropping the r is still shared with the English

South-US dialect

Come from SE England, but are mainly prisoners, servants, and political/religious refugees

Midland-US dialect

More diverse, N England, Scots, Irish, German, Dutch, and Swedish

Working Language

Language used by an international organization to communicate in daily conversations

Standard Language

The form of a language used for official government, business, education, and communication

Isogloss

Boundary that separates regions with different language usages

Pidgin Language

A form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca

Creolized Language

The result of mixing a colonizers language with the current native language

Mutual Intelligibility

The ability of people communicating in two ways to understand each other without familiarity or effort

(Severely) Endangered Language

A language that children are no longer learning, and the remaining speakers use it less frequently

Isolated Language

A language unrelated to any other language

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people across the globe

Ethnic Religion

Concentrated at a single location, and belief is based on certain physical characteristics where the adherents are located

Atheism

The belief that god does not exist

Agnosticism

The belief that the existence of god cannot be proven or disproven

Animism

The belief that objects such as plants and stones, or events like earthquakes have a spirit and life

Monotheism

The belief in one god

Polytheism

The belief in multiple gods

Religion

A persons identification, and how they relate to their surroundings

Religious Branch

Large and fundamental division within a religion

Denomination

Division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single body

Congregation

A local assembly of people brought together for common religious worship

Founder of Christianity

Jesus

Founder of Buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama

Founder of Islam

Muhammad

Origins of Hinduism

Unknown, somewhere in India

Founder and Origins of Judaism

Abraham, likely mythical, Israel

Christian distribution

World wide

Muslim distribution

South, Central, Middle East, Indonesia, North Africa

Buddhist distribution

South East Asia, Japan

Hindu distribution

India, Nepal, Bangladesh

Jewish distribution

Israel, United States

Christian Holy Places

Church, Jerusalem, Holy Sepulchre

Muslim Holy Places

Mosque, Mekah (Masjid al-Haram), Madinah, Jerusalem

Buddhist Holy Places

Pagoda, Sankasya, Shravasti, Lumbini, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Rajgir, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath

Hindu Holy Places

Temples for their gods

Jewish Holy Places

Jerusalem

What calendar do Christians use?

A solar calendar, but Easter is on the Sunday after the first full MOON after Spring Equinox

What calendar do Muslims use?

30 year lunar calendar, months correspond to moon phases

What calendar do Buddhists use?

Lunisolar calendar, different branches celebrate holidays on different days

What calendar do Jews use?

Lunisolar, three major holidays are related to agricultural seasons

Theravada Buddhism

Nirvana is attainable only by Monks, found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos

Mahayana Buddhism

Nirvana is attainable by all, found in Japan, Korea, Vietnam

Origins of Abrahamic Religions

Jerusalem

What are the Abrahamic Religions?

Christianity, Islam, Judaism

Shiite Muslims

Holy leaders related to a successor to Muhammed. Live predominantly in Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen

Sunni Muslims

Holy leaders are selected on merit. Live predominantly in Africa, Indonisia, South and Central Asia

How did Christianity diffuse?

50-300 CE: Missionaries spread through Europe

1500-1900 CE: Colonists spread to Americas, Australia, Africa

Autonomous Religion

Religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

Hierarchical Religion

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

Cosmogony

Set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.

Fundamentalism

Religious sect that uncompromisingly follows the foundations of a faith

Religious Extremism

A fundamentalist group that advocates their way by means of violence

Theocracy

Government whose authority is derived from a deity

Germanic locations

Germany, Scandinavian countries (minus Finland), UK, Austria, Switzerland

Balto-Slavic

East Europe (Including Russia)

How does pop culture diffuse?

Hierarchical diffusion, from MDC to MDC

How does pop culture interact with the environment? (HEI)

Alter environment to match cultural preferences

How do folk cultures interact with the environment? (HEI)

They adapt to whatever happens, and the natural landscape is part of their culture

Why were food taboo’s created?

Because of what the landscape allowed. In India, cows were needed to plow the fields.

What is an example of a convergence language?

English and Maltese are mixing on the island of Malta

What is an example of a divergence language?

Norwegian branches off of Swedish because of a mountain range separating the two languages