Gram-negative Non-proteobacteria

phylum aquificota: hyperthermophiles

temperature between 85 to 95 

phylum thermotogata: hyperthermophiles 

optimal at 80 max 90

• rods with outer sheath like envelop (extends, balloons from cells) 

• no LPS in outer membrane

• marine hyperthermal sysrems and solfataric springs

• chemoorganotrophs

phylum deinococcota

beinococcus rediodurans

• more resistant to radiation than endospores

  • 3-5 rads of radiation (100 lethal to humans)

  • ROS can damage macromolecules

  • have protection mechanism against ROS oxidation

• spherical, rod shaped, in pairs, tetrads

• non motile

• aerobic

• strain gram positve but have outer membrane with LPS

Phylum Deinococcata: thermus aquaticus

• found in hot springs in yollowstone national park

• grows max at 70

• thermostable enzymes

• source of PCR

phylum bacteriodota: green sulfur bacteria

• green sulfer bacteria in anoxic sulfide rich lakes

• obligate anaerobic photolithoautotrophs

• use hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, and hydrogen as electron sources

• chromosomes: vestivels with lipid monolayer attached to PM with photosynthetic pigments

phylum bacteriodota: gut microbiota

• genus bacteroides

• chemohetertrophs

• aniaml rumen, human digestive trace

• human symbionts

• b.fragilis (souble edge sword)

• type V pili to attach to surface

phylum Chlorofelexota: green non-sulfur bacteria

• filamentous, gliding

• no outer membrane

• chlorosomes with PM metabolically diverse 

• bacteria that are photosynthetic but not oxygenic (don’t produce oxygen)

phylum cyanobacteria

• obligate photolithoautotrophs

• oxygenic photosynthesis

• largest, most diverse photosynthetic bacteria group

• photo taxis with gas vacules

• fix carbon dioxide

• fix nitrogen with heterocytes

• endosymbiotic (evolved into chloroplast)

phylum planctomycetota

• chemolithrotrophs

• ammaxosomes

• contributes 70% to cycling of nitrogen to oceans

• found in aquatic environment

phylum verrucomicrobia - gut microbiome 

• consumes mucus, lacks associated with metabolic disorders: obesity, diabetes, intestinal inflammation, cancer

• obligate anaerobes

• fermentation

• nonmotile coccobacilus

• chlamydiae

• unique reproduction elementary body

phylum verrucomicrobiota: chlamydial pneumonia

• human/animal pathogens

• round pneumonia

• EBs inhaled, spread by droplets

• pharyngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis

phylum verrucomicrobiota: psittascosis

• psittascosis: ornithosis associated with birds, people in contact with birds

• zoonatic disease

• inhaled in respiratory tract

• transport to liver and spleen, multiply and move to lungs

phylum verrucomicrobiota: Chlamydia STD

• most reported bacterial STD

• inflammation of reproductive structures

• pelvic inflammatory disease

• during pregnancy: related to stillbirth, miscarriage, etc. 

phylum spirochaetota

cork crew

• chemoorganotroph

• treponema pallidum (syphilis): NS (cognitive defects;blindness, shuffling, insanity)

  • antigentic variation

• Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease): Arthropod-borne transmission
  (tick)

tuskegee study

• 600 black men to develop syphilis treatment 

• patients in study were not informed on what study was on 

  • penicillin treatment withheld

Phylum Fusobacteriota

• Fusobacterium nucleatum, linked to
  colorectal cancer
  • Oral biofilms: support architechture found in gingival crevices

• periodontal lesions

• promote cancer growth, metastasism resisitance

phylum desulfobacteria

• sulfur cycling in ecosystems

• corrosion of iron in pipelines, heating systems

phylum bdellovibrionota

known to be predatory, prey on other bacteria

• alternative between replicating predatory phase and intracellular reproduction phase 

phylum myxococcota

• myxospores

• prey on other bacteria, don’t need for reproduction

• secrete lytic enzymes, antibiotics to kill prey

Phylum Campylobacterota – Campylobacter commensals

C. jejuni causes foodborne intestinal disease

• invades small intestine epithelium

• Guillain barre syndrome: surface plysaccharides mimic nerve cell glycoproteins

Phylum Campylobacterota – Helicobacter commensals

• multiple flagella

• cause gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancers

• person to person transmission 

• h. pylori grows in acidic conditions 

proteobacteria

• proteus: many shapes

• gram neg

• chemoheterotrophic

• largest taxonomic group of bacteria

• reorganized from 5 to now only 2 groups

alphaproteobacteria

oliotrophs: most can grow with very low levels of nutrients

many have stalks or buds: PROSTHECAE

• promitochondria

• N-fixation, symbiotic relationship with plants

• pathogenics

Alphaproteobacteria – Purple nonsulfur bacteria (Genus Rhodospirillium)

variety in morphology

• anoxygenic photosynthesis: bacteriochlorophylls a and b, invaginated PM, chromatophores)

• metabolic flexibilty: photoorganoheterotrophs, chemoorganoheterotrophs, fermentation

• cyst formation:nutrition deprivation, not endospores, only resistant to desiccation

Geneus Magnetospirillum

megnetotactic: megnetosome to align with magnetic field

• unique magenetosome membrane proteins

Alphaproteobacteria – Order Caulobacterales

Genus Caulobacter

• Ex: C. crescentus

•  Unusual reproduction

• Life cycle uses prostheca (stalks): have cell wall, PM, no cytoplasmic
  components

• Holdfast to attach to solid substrates (secretes strongest biological adhesive known)

Alphaproteobacteria – Order Rhizobiales

• rhizobium

• symbiotically live in the soil with legume root nodules with N-fixing cells (bacteroids)

• fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia for plant host

• recevie fix C

Genus Agrobacterium

• A. tumefaciens

• Plant pathogens, enters through plant wounds

  • Depends on Ti plasmid

• Invade crown, roots, stems

Brucellosis

human, animal pathogens

• zoonotic disease

• consumption contaminated animal products abrasion on skin when handling animals 

• undulant: cyclic fever

nitrifying bacteria (alpha and gamma)

oxidize ammonium or nitrate to gain enegy and electrons

contribute to N cycle

• chemolithotrophs

order pelagibacterales

• most abundent in oceans, small genome (lots of transporters)

• marine plankton

• lwo-nutrients

• par of earths carbon cycle

rickettsias

all obilgate intracellular parasites, insects, and tick bites

• R. Rickettsii: rocky mountain spotted fever, damaged blood vessels

burkholderiales

• use substaces released from organic decompositions

• motile, disease in humans, plants

• B. cepacia contaminations of equipment/drug in hospitals

• issue for cystic fibrosis patients

neisseria (burkholderiales)

inhibits mucous membranes

N. gonorrhoeae

• causes gonorrhea (STD)

• some stain resistant to all antibiotic classes 

bordatella

b. pertussis (whooping cough)

• droplet transmission

• target respiratory epithelium

• highly contagious

thiobacillaceae

• colorless, not photosynthetic

• obligate aerobes and facultative deitrifiers (reduce nitriate to nitrogen gas)

• control levels of sulfide in water fraining from mines

• acid mine drainage inhostpitable to most organisms

leionellales

found in stream, warm water pipes AC units, and cooling towers, 

• prevent: chlorination, heating water

• multipy in protozoa, human macrophages 

coxiella

Q fever transmitted via aerosis or milk

• naturally in animals

• lives outside host forming resistant spores

• potential bioterrorism agant

pseusomonadales

• human pathogen resistant to most antibiotics, grow in antiseptics

• hostpital aquired infections

• form robust biofilms

Enterobacterales

• family vibrionacease

• bioluminescence

• pathogen 

• food/water contamination

• ctaAB

escherichia

E. Coli commn inhibaitant of Gi tract used in research labs

causes foodborne disease and UTIs

proteus

swarming motility

opportunisitc pathogens (UTI)

salmonella 

2500 serovars

• nontyphoidal and typhoidal 

• gastoenteritis 

s. typhi

enteric fever

• person to person (host retricted)

K. pneumoniae

hospital acquired opportunistic

• increasingly resistant

shigella

• causes bacillary dysentery

• fecal-oral 

• symptoms: fever, cramps, bloody, mucosal diarrhea

Serratia (s.marcescens)

produce red pigment

common cause of nosocomial infections

• catheters

y. pestis

• causes plague, black death

• transmitted via fleas from rats, squirrels

order thiotricales

• francisella 

• associated with hiking ticks deer flies “rabbit fever”

phylum actinobacteria

• high G+C content

• all chemoorganoheterotrophs

• produce metabolites

• filamentous

order actinomycetales

genus actinomyces

oral cavity, dental plaque

• geneus bifidobacterium

• sold as probiotics

order mycobacteriales

tuberculossis

• droplets aerosol tramsission

• infects resident macrophages in lungs

M. leprae

leprocy

• obligate intracellular pathogens

• damage nerves and skin