PAES Structures - Terms

5-day Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

quantity of oxygen needed to satisfy biochemical oxidation of organic matter in waste sample in 5 days at 20oC.

access door

provides access inside the silo which may be located at the roof or at the wall.

access ramp

slope located at the side of the road carriageway that provides entrance from lower ground levels.

aeration

moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates between 0.05 – 2.28 cubic meter per minute per ton for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality

aerobic

requires free oxygen

aggregates

granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and uncrushed stone or lightweight materials

agricultural and fishery wastes

consist of solid and liquid waste, slurry including by-products and residues resulting from the production and processing of crops, livestock, poultry, and fishery (AMTEC-UPLB, 2002a;2002b, modified)

agricultural liquid waste

consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from the production of livestock and poultry; and processing of crops, livestock and poultry

agricultural solid waste

wastes resulting from the production and processing of crops and animals or agricultural products, including manures with at least 20% solids, pruning and crop residues wherever produced

agriculture and fisheries

production of crops, livestock, and aquatic flora and fauna

agro-industrial wastes

consist of solid and liquid waste generated from local activity or series of activities to maintain or raise the quality or change the form or characteristics of agricultural, fisheries and forestry products (Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization [AFMech] Law, 2013, modified)

air change ratio

ratio of the volume of air that enters a room to the volume of air of the empty room

air cooled

storage provided with good ventilation

anaerobic

presence of free oxygen is not required

anaerobic digestion process

biological conversion of biodegradable materials by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen creating two main products: biogas and digestate (ISO, 2018)

angle of friction

angle of the material when the grains held starts to move

asepsis

condition that describes the freedom of plant materials, culture medium, confines of the culture vessel from contaminating microorganisms

backfill

layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall

backfill

suitable materials such as gravel, sand, and earth used to refill excavated materials during construction

backfill layer

of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall.

backfilling

the act of refilling suitable materials or replacing unsuitable materials removed during construction

back-out stall

type of stall where animals must back up to exit the stall.

baffle board

division in the digester that prevent the slurry from premature exit into the sludge/outlet tank

bag type storage

storing of paddy, milled rice, corn, and other grains in bags usually made of jute, polyethylene, and other packaging materials

balloon type

plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gasholder

base course

layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate of designed thickness that rests upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade, to support a surface course. Treatment may include application of chemical-based soil additives such as soil-stabilizers and/or any approved method.

base flooring

floor located at the basement of flat bottom silos

biochemical methane potential (BMP)

amount of organic matters in a substrate that can be degraded by anaerobic microorganisms. It also indicates the biogas output per unit quantity of substrate (Deng et al., 2020)

biogas (PAES 413:2001)

mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide) produced by methanogenic bacteria

biogas (PNS/BAFS PABES 364:2023)

gas produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter (ISO, 2018). It consists typically of 40-75 % methane, 14-45 % carbon dioxide, along with small amounts of water vapor and other gases (ISO, 2020)

biogas plant

plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank.

biogas system

system used to process agricultural, fishery, and agro-industrial waste to produce biogas and sludge consisting of, but not limited to, a mixing tank/inlet, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank/hydraulic pressure tank (AMTEC-UPLB, 2001, modified)

biomass resources/ biomass

non-fossilized, biodegradable organic materials originating from naturally occurring or cultured plants, animals and microorganisms, including agricultural products, by-products and residues that can be used in bioconversion process and other processes, as well as gases and liquids recovered from the decomposition and/or extraction of non-fossilized and biodegradable organic materials (Renewable Energy Act of 2008, 2008, modified)

black offal

digestive tract of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter

bleeding

process of removing as much blood as possible from the slaughtered swine/ruminant before further processing.

boar

refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old.

borrow

suitable material used for embankments

bridge

structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, a highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other moving loads; and having an opening measured along the center of the roadway between faces of abutments, spring lines of arches, or extreme ends of the opening for multiple box culverts or multiple pipes that are 60 inches or more in diameter and that have a clear distance between openings of not less than half of the smallest pipe diameter

brooder guard

materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the chicks from straying too far away from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat.

brooding

process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their natural heat regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional.

buck

mature male goat

bulk storage

produce is piled in room-sized bins, which exerts forces that must be resisted by the building walls

bulking agent

any item used to improve the compost structure and to increase porosity to allow internal air movement

bull

breeding male of any age.

burlap

coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp

C:N ratio

weight ratio of carbon to nitrogen

calf

young male or female under one year of age.

California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

ratio between a test load and an arbitrarily defined standard load, expressed as a percentage

carabao

Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo.

carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N)

ratio of carbon and nitrogen content in substrate.

carcass (PAES 422-1:2012 / PAES 422-2:2012)

body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and removal of head and feet.

carcass (PNS/BAFS PABES 305:2020 / PNS/BAFS PABES 306:2020)

body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing.

cell pack

individual divisions in a carton formed by fiberboard dividers, each cell to contain one fruit

chemical oxygen demand (COD)

amount of oxygen consumed by oxidizing substrate under heating condition with chemical oxidants, usually expressed in terms of oxygen consumption in mg/L or g/L (Deng et al., 2020)

chute

passageway for the animals that connects the lairage to the slaughtering area.

clean runoff

runoff not contaminated with manure such as runoff from roofs, grassed areas, drives and other areas which are not animal alleys

clearing

removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the ground surface

coco coir peat

natural and residual materials from coconut coir which serves as soil conditioner

coco coir twine

string made of coconut coir strands twisted together

coco-log

tubular structure of coconut coir fiber blankets of different diameter filled with coco coir, and/or coco peat

coconet

handspun coconut coir fiber twine woven into blankets of different density

coconut geonet

any coconut coir fiber-based material such as coconets, coco-logs, coco peat, placed in sloping lands and embankments to hold the vulnerable soil and permit vegetative growth to control surface erosion and conserve the productivity of the soil

collecting tank/holding tank

chamber where manure and water are collected, stored and separated from heavy and non-biodegradable materials before feeding them into the digester

community nest

large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers.

compaction

application of pressure to soil materials to result in a dense mass free of excessive voids; minimizes settlement, decreases permeability and increases strength

compost mix

mixture of an organic waste with amendment(s) or bulking agent(s) in the proper proportions to promote aerobic microbial activity and growth and to achieve optimum temperatures

composting

controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product

composting amendment

any item added to the compost mixture that alters the moisture content, C:N ratio, or pH

concrete

hardened mixture of fine and coarse aggregate, water, cement, and admixtures

condemned meat

inspected and judged by a competent person, or otherwise determined by the competent authority, as being unsafe or unsuitable for human consumption and requiring appropriate disposal.

contractor

entity having a Contract with a procurement agency and accredited by the Philippine Constructors Accreditation Board (PCAB)

control panel

panel where all the controls are located, with or without mimic board

controlled atmosphere storage

storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the proportion of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is precisely controlled

cooling

removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse

corral

enclosure for confining and handling livestock.

course

structural component of specified thickness; it may consist of one layer or more

cove

concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another wall.

cow

mature female that has already calved.

creep area

place for piglets inside the farrowing pen.

crossfall / cross slope

transverse slope that helps the carriageway to drain properly

crowding pen

pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute.

crushed gravel

product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with substantially all fragments having at least one face resulting from fracture

culling rate

rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd.

culture medium

any nutrient material prepared for the growth and cultivation plant tissue

culvert

drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across and beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way

curing

process where fungi digest the carbons not degraded during composting and further stabilize the nutrients

defeathering

process of removing feathers from the skin of the poultry animal after scalding to prepare its meat for food.

dehairing

process of removing the hair from the skin of a swine or small ruminants after scalding

detention pen

separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected animals.

digester

anaerobic digestion installation including reactors, tanks and related equipment; also known as biodigester or bioreactor.

digester/ biodigester/ bio-reactor/ anaerobic reactor

any water and air tight container designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization

disinfection

process of killing all pathogenic microorganisms

disposal site

site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited

dissolved solids

part of total solids passing through the filter in a filtration procedure

doe

mature female goat that has kidded.

downer

animal that is unable to move/stand.

drainage

removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other several structures

dressing

process composed of stunning, slitting and bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating from which.

drip cooler storage structure

with continuously wetted walls

dry doe

doe without milk.