Alkyl Halides (R-X) & Radicals

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Last updated 10:09 PM on 7/8/26
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11 Terms

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Alkyl Halides (R-X)

An alkyl halide is simply an alkane where one hydrogen has been replaced by a halogen.

-Halogens:

  • Flourine

  • Chlorine

  • Bromine

  • Iodine

R = carbon chain, X = Halogen

<p>An <strong>alkyl halide</strong> is simply an <strong>alkane where one hydrogen has been replaced by a halogen</strong>.</p><p>-Halogens:</p><ul><li><p>Flourine</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Chlorine</p></li><li><p>Bromine</p></li><li><p>Iodine</p></li></ul><p>R = carbon chain, X = Halogen</p>
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Electrophilic

Electron loving (positive charge, wants electrons)

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Nucleophilic

Negative charge, will provide electrons

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Alkyl Halides are reactive because

Halogens are much more electronegative. That means: The carbon is electrophilic, Electrophiles attract nucleophiles. Since the nucleophiles (halogens) will attack Carbon.

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Radicals

an atom, molecule, or ion that contains at least one unpaired valence electron. Because electrons naturally prefer to exist in pairs, radicals are highly reactive and typically short-lived, aggressively seeking out other electrons to become stable. (that little dot in the picture represents a radical).

<p><mark data-color="#ffffff" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: inherit;">an atom, molecule, or ion that contains at least one unpaired valence electron. Because</mark> electrons naturally prefer to exist in pairs, radicals are highly reactive and typically short-lived, aggressively seeking out other electrons to become stable. (that little dot in the picture represents a radical).</p>
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There are 2 ways to break a bond

  1. Heterolytic Cleavage

  2. Homolytic Cleavage


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Heterolytic

The bond breaks, Both electrons go to ONE atom, you will have a cation (+) and an anion (-). This is a polar reaction, and produces a carbocation and a halide ion.

<p>The bond breaks, Both electrons go to ONE atom, you will have a cation (+) and an anion (-). This is a polar reaction, and produces a carbocation and a halide ion.</p>
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Homolytic

Each atom keeps ONE electron. Produces radicals.

<p>Each atom keeps ONE electron. Produces radicals.</p>
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Polar Reaction

Electrons move 2 at a time and produce charged intermediates (Carbocations or sometimes carbanions).

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Non-Polar Reaction

Involve Radicals, No charges.

  • Halogenation

  • NBS

  • Peroxides


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[Radical intermediate]

Contain one unpaired electron. Radicals are neutral. Not positive, Not negative.

<p>Contain one unpaired electron. Radicals are neutral. Not positive, Not negative.</p>