*Ethnic differences in achievement

What external and internal factors can influence ethnic differences in achievement?

-External: cultural deprivation, material deprivation/class, racism in wider society

-Internal: labelling/teacher racism, pupil identities, pupil responses/subcultures,

Institutional racism

How can cultural deprivation contribute to ethnic differences in achievement?

-Intellectual and linguistic skills, many from low income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences, language spoken in inadequate for success, concern that children who do not speak English at home may be held but but not a major factor

-Attitudes and values,