Chemistry: an atoms-focused approach - CH 4: Chemical Bonding

chemical bond

strong attractive forces which hold atoms together

ionic bonding

bonding that results in the transfer of one or more atoms to another

covalent bonding

bonding that results from the sharing of one or more electron pairs by two atoms

metallic bonding

bonding that results from attraction of positively charged metal ions for mobile electrons that are delocalized throughout the metallic crystal

lattice enthalpy

the energy necessary to separate the ions of an ionic solid into isolated gas phase ions

octet rule

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

Lewis Dot Structure

diagram of a molecule using dots to represent valence electrons

double bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons

triple bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons

incomplete octet

These elements are stable with fewer than eight electrons in their valence shell and include hydrogen (2), helium (2), lithium (2), beryllium (4), and boron (6).

expanded octet

when a molecule has more than 8 electrons around the central atom

odd electron species

molecules or ions with an odd number of electrons

Electron negativity

measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons to itself

dipole moment

measure of the degree of charge separation in a bond of in a molecule

formal charge

the hypothetical charge that an atom in a molecule acquires when the bonding electrons are assumed to be shared equally between the atoms

Resonance

the bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure

delocalized bonding

a type of bonding in which a bonding pair of electrons is spread over a number of atoms rather than localized between two

bond length

the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms

bond energy

the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms

bond order

the number of shared electron pairs between two atoms

decreases

as bond order increases, bond length ____ (inverse relationship)

increases

as bond order increases, bond energy _____ (direct relationship)