HISTORY - germany

Germany becomes a country

1871, unification

largest german state

Prussia

Belief that a state should have a strong army

militarism

german word for empire

reich

King of germany

kaiser Wilhelm II 1888 -1918

German term for rich aristocratic landowners

Junkers

First chief minister - under the kaiser

Otto Von Bismarck

Local government body

Bundesrat

German parliament

Reichstag

By 1913 germany producing more…

iron and steel than Britain (part of germanys mass accelerated industrialisation)

Weltpolitik

world policy, desire to make germany a world power

Place in the sun

policy of building overseas colonies

Naval laws (years passed, by who)

1898 and 1912 - admiral von tirpitz

Naval race

competition between Germany and Britain to build ship, led to increased hostility and militarism

german battleships

dreadnoughts

autocracy

germany can only be world power if led by one strong monarch

problems under wilhelm till 1914

• competition with overseas empires

• need for increased finances to fund ambitious policies

• rising socialism and trade unions (opposition to autocratic regime)

• Prussian militarism

schlieffen plan

germany attacks france through neutral belgium in WW1

total deaths in WW1

16.5

wilhelm abdicates

9th nov 1918

wilhelm abdicates

9th nov 1918

WW1 consequences

• political instability- kaiser abdicated, lots of different parties, growing communism, bad reputation

• economic devastation- rationing and food shortages,mass poverty, pensions for widows and orphans, industrial product 2/3 of before and national income 1/3 of before, have to pay back money to america

• social chaos - 2.5 mill killed, 600000 widows, 2 mill orphans, nation divided, lack of basic necessities

constitution

set of rules which a country is governed by

Article 48

president can issue emergency decrees without reichstag support

voting style in weimar

proportional representation

spartacist uprising

comm group that dont like weimar - workers revolution wanted equality

rosa luxemburg and karl liebknecht

jan 6th 1919

1000s took over berlin, crushed by friekorps

left wing ideals

power held by normal people/workers

wealth shared, peace and equality

communists, socialists

right wing ideals

power held by string gov (1 leader)

survival of the fittest

militarism and nationalism are popular

conservatives and fascists

Treaty of versailles

28th june 1919

T - territories lost, 10% of land lost, all colonies gone, 12% of populstion lost, alsace lorraine, polish corridor.

R- reparations, 6.6 billion pounds total

A - army reduced, 15 000 navy, 6 battleships, 100 000 army, no submarines aircrafts and tanks. rhineland = dmz

W- war guilt clause, articke 231 meantt all blame for war on germany, justifies all other clauses

L- league of nations, germany not allowed to join until they are a peace loving nation

france, uk and usa leaders that helped form TofV

Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson

term for freikorps/people feel betrayed after war

stab in the back / november criminals

Kapp Putsch

unhappy with tofv, stab in the back myth

20th march 1920

wolfgang kapp

5000 freikorps try and overthrow w.r

many workers didnt support and went in strikes, ongoing = red rising - strike in the industrial ruhr

Weimar Assassinations

between 1919 ans 1922, over 350 political murders

e.g mathias erzberger who signed the armistice and foreign minister walter rathenau

1923

• 60,000 french and belgian soldiers invade ruhr bc germany cant pay reparations, controlled all of it - germany cant fight because of tofv

• general strike and passive resistance- french kill 132 german workers and 15 000 evicted from homes

• government printed more money and put into circulation

• hyperinflation

• by end one loaf of bread = 201 billion marks

• stresseman becomes chancellor

• rentenmark introduced in 1924

• us offfer loans and stresseman negotiates the french to leave

Munich Putsch

Violent attempt by nazis to overthrow weimar - unhappy with tofv, post 1923 economic crises in germany

nov 8th 1923

kahr and ludendorff support hitler, nazi soldiers - stormtroopers - march into munich

kahr betrays them

16 nazis killed, hitler arrested - landsberg prison for 5 years, gets out in 9 months

nazis banned from public speaking until 1927

hitler now famous, writes mein kampf

Gustav Stressemann

Chancellor, 1924-1929

DIFFERS - how stressman was the goat

d awes plan - 1924 - 800 million gold marks loaned to germany by usa

i nflation controlled - 1923 - burnt old marks, new rentenmark

f rench leave the ruhr - 1924 - call off strikes and passive resistance, convince french to leave

f oreign policy success - 1925 locarno treaty about territories, 1926 allowed in league of nations, 1928 kellogg-briandt pact promoting peace

e conomic growth - Dawes and young plan (1929 reduction in reparations), economy boomed, industrial output doubled between 23-27

r eform - 3 million new houses, labour exhanges and unemployment pay

s trength at centre - great coalition of spd, zentrum and dvp to reduce risk of extremist parties

risque berlin shows

cabaret

main weimar architect

walter gropius

german film star

marlene dietrich

weimar school of painting

new objectivity

weimar painters

otto dix, george grosz

traditional cukture movement - opposition to golden age

wandervogel

weimar architecture

bauhaus

famous weimar film director

fritzlang

Nazi votes in reichstag

28, 30, 32, 32, 33,33

12, 107, 230, 196, 288, 661

Wall street crash

1929, poverty, jobs lost

great depression - unemployment increase

nazi support = people blamed democracy

6 million umeployed by 32

Why people supported nazis

• great depression

• failures of the weimar republic- tofv, ineffective

• appeal of hitler - travelled across germany, ww1 hero

• fear of communism - lots of middle and upper classes

• sa and violent campaigns - parades and intimidation

• propaganda - newspapers, posters, youth organisations, technology

Hitler becomes chancellor

Jan 30th 1933

negative cohesion

idea that nazi propaganda often sought to appeal to voters based on fears not beliefs

Nazi propaganda

nazi party officers were set up all over germany

sa rallies and parades

modern media e.g radios and cinema

hitler youth

leaflets and newspapers

in 1932 hitler visited 20 cities in 7 days

goebbels had direct campaigns

chancellors order

bruning, von papen, von schleicher, hitler

Nazi head of propaganda

Goebbels

Reichstag fire

27th feb 1933

marinus van der lubbe. - communist

hitler used this to make reichstag fire decree

reichstag fire decree

ban communists from election, shut down comm newspapers

4000 comm imprisoned

Coalition formed pre enabling act

nazis only win 44% of votes, form coalition with catholic centre party

march 5th 1933

Enabling act

hitler could now pass laws alone as chancellor

march 23rd 1933

April 1933, steps towards fuhrer

trade unions banned

gestapo formed

dachau opened

Hitler banned all parties except nazis

July 1933

Night of the long knives

June 30th 1934, 400 plus opponents executed

Hitler becomes fuhrer

hindenburg dies and hitler becomes fuhrer august 19 1934

Stormtroopers

nazi army - led by rohm initially

blackshirts (ss)

nazi army that reported directly to hitler, led by himmler

wehrmacht

official german army

indoctrination

process of teaching only a certain set of beliefs - brainwashing

eugenics

race studies - science of improving a population by removing a certain group

hitler youth

nazi groups for boys, complusory after 39

league of german girls

nazi home for girls, learnt how to maintain a home

self sufficiency

nazi aim to rely on own resources - autarky

unemployment reduction

6.1 mill in 1933 → 0.4 mill in 1939

National labour service (RAD)

all men between 18 and 25, compulsory for 6 months

public work schemes

new autobahns, 100 000 jobs

new schools and hospitals

nazi conscription

all men 18-25 old forced to join armed forces for atleast 2 years

4 year plan

goering, 1936

make germany autarkic

re arm germany

reich entailed farm law

nazis reduced taxes in farmers and write off debts

reich food estate

fixed prices for farmers, good prices

Blood and Soil program

celebrated farmers contribution

But banned them from splitting land between children .

German labour front (DAF)

replaced trade unions

protected rights and improve working conditions

Beauty of labour (SDA)

improved working conditions, washrooms, canteents etc

Strength through joy (KDF)

reward schemes for workers, cheap holidays, football tickets etc

kinder kirche and kuche

children kitchen and church, german values for women

the law for the encouragement of marriage

Newly married get 1000 marks, keep 25% for every child they have

birth rate during war

from 2 mil per year to under 1 mil

Motherhood cross

4 bronze 6 silver etc

Lebensborn programme

ss soldiers and young women procreate = aryan race

amount of women in german womens league by 1939

over 1.7 mil

concordat

deal between nazis and pope in 1933, agree not to interfere

euthanasia

policy of terminating those not worthy of life

confessional church

anti nazi church- led by martin nielmoller

german christians

pro nazi protestant church, led by ludwig muller

christians & nazis…

shared traditional values, marriage and morals

opposed and feared comms

initially hitler promised to protect

how nazis controlled

fear/ terror

propaganda

police state

country controlled by political police force, government has control over people lives, especially by secret police

Himmler

head of ss including gestapo

nazi books

eternal jew, poisonous mushroom

key nazi propaganda messages

appeal of hitler

threat of jews

praise of nazis

censorship

any degenerate cultural work was banned

pro nazi newspaper

der sturmer

form of censorship

book burnings

carpet bombing

bombing in germany, 90% of dresden destroyed