L2: Multi-Dimensional Approach to Psychopathology, Clinical Assessment & Diagnosis

Multidimensional Integrative Approach

Multidimensional Integrative Approach

Biological Dimension, psychological dimension, emotional influences or social influences that contributes a variety of psychopathology.

Multidimensional Model

Term for the model of multiple influences

1. Biological

2. Behavioral

3. Social

3 Multidimensional Aspects

Biological

Brain dysfunction, biochemical imbalances, genetic abnormalities. Can also be accidents/traumatic experiences.

Behavioral

Conditioning, learning, modeling, observations

Social

Support system, people or environment, events and experiences

Genes

Long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at various locations on chromosomes, within the cell nucleus.

46 Chromosomes

Total number of chromosomes of a normal human cell.

Autosomes

23 pairs and 22 pairs

Sex Chromosomes

23rd pair of `chromosome

X Chromosome

Chromosome that the mother contributes

Y Chromosome

Chromosome that the father contributes

1. Dominant Gene

2. Recessive Gene

2 Types of Genes

Dominant Gene

Pair of genes strongly influence a particular trait

Recessive Gene

Trait that is only expressed when both allele is present.

Mandelian Laws of Genetics

Predict fairly accurately how many offspring will develop a certain trait, characteristic or disorder.

Huntington’s Disease

Degenerative brain disease that causes deterioration in a specific area of the brain.

Basal ganglia

Because of HD, it caused this area of the brain to deteriorate

Chromosome 4

Defective chromosome number in HD

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Mental retardation which present at birth, unable to metabolize or break down foods, caused by a defect in a single gene.

Chromosome 12

Defective chromosome number in PKU

1. Seizure

2. Small head size

3. Coordination difficulties

4. Dwarfism/Short stature

5. Backward-sloping forehead

6. Hyperactivity

7. Facial distortions

8. Delays in speech & movement

Defects/Physical Looks of Individual with PKU

Diathesis

Condition that makes someone susceptible or vulnerable to developing disorder.

The smaller the vulnerability, the greater the life stress required to produce the disorder. With greater vulnerability, less life stress is required.

Complete the sentence:

The smaller the vulnerability, _______ to produce the disorder. With _____,_________ is required.

1. Predisposing Factor

2. Precipitating Factor

3. Perpetuating Factor

4. Protective Factor

4 Factors in Developing a Disorder

Predisposing Factor

Cause of a disorder

Precipitating Factor

Allow disorders to develop

Perpetuating Factor

Allow to persist

Protective Factor

Help to protect buffer the development of a disorder.

5 HTT Genes

substance called chemical transporter that affects the transmission of serotonin in the brain.

SS Allele (Short)

Risk for having a MDD, tend to doubled if they had atleast 4 stressful life events.

LL Allele (Long)

Able to cope better with stress, any stressful childhood experiences did not affect the incidence of MDD in adulthood.

Central Nervous System

Processes all information received from our sense organs.

140 Billion

Number of average nerve cells that functions inside our brain daily.

Neurons

Term for the 140 billion nerve cells the brain uses.

1. Dendrites

2. Axon

3. Synapses

4. Action Potentials

5. Terminal Button

6. Synaptic Cleft

7. Nodes of Ranvier

Parts of the Neurons

1. Dendrite

2. Myelin Sheath

3. Axon Terminal

4. Nodes of Ranvier

5. Axon

6. Nucleus

Name the parts of the Neurons

Dendrites

Receive messages from other nerve cells

Axon

Transmit impulses to other neurons

Synapses

Connections to other neurons

Action Potentials

Electric impulses where information is transmitted

Terminal Button

End of axon

Synaptic Cleft

Space between terminal button of one neuron and dendrite of another

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps between myelin sheath

Disorder occurs when the chemicals from axon terminal is incomplete or was not absorbed by the dendrite.

How does a disorder occur?

Neurotransmitters

Often referred to as the body’s chemical messengers. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles.

1. Excitatory

2. Inhibitory

2 Effects of Neurotransmitters

Excitatory

Individual may be aggressive or agitated

Inhibitory

Individual is relaxed or clam.

Reuptake

Neurotransmitter released quickly broken down and brought back to the synaptic cleft again.

1. Agonists

2. Antagonists

3. Inverse Agonists

3 Production of Neurotransmitter

Agonists

Increase the activity of neurotransmitter

Antagonists

Decrease/block the neurotransmitter

Inverse Agonists

Produces effect opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitters.

1. Monoamine Class

2. Amino Acid Class

2 Categories of Neurotransmitters

Monoamine Class

1. Modulation of psychomotor function

2. Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Gastrointestinal control

3. Sleep mechanisms

4. Hormone secretion

5. Body temperature

6. Pain

Amino Acid Class

Inhibitory and Excitatory Messengers in the nervous system.

1. Glutamate

2. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)

2 Kinds of AMINO ACIDS

Glutamate

Excitatory transmitter that turn on many different neurons leading to action.

GABA

Inhibit the transmission of information and action potentials; relaxed.

1. Anxiety

2. Perseverating

3. Restlessness

4. Migraines

5. Tics

6. Motor Stereotypies

Too much glutamate may cause:

1. Serotonin

2. Norepinephrine

3. Dopamine

Types of Monoamine

Serotonin

Regulates the behavior, moods, and thought processes

Norepinephrine

Also called noradrenaline responsible for alertness and arousal

Dopamine

Also known as catecholamine turn on brain circuits.

L-dopa

Dopamine Agonists (Increases dopamine activities)

Glutamate

High: Psychosis

Low: Huntington’s Disease

GABA

High: Relaxation

Low: Anxiety, OCD

Serotonin

High: Mania

Low: MDD, Anxiety, ED

Norepinephrine

High: PTSD, Anxiety, Mania

Low: MDD

Dopamine

High: Schizoprenia

Low: Mania, PD (Psychotic Disorder)

Hormones

Released directly to the blood streams.

1. Epinephrine

2. Thyroxine

3. Cortisol

4. Oxytocin

Kinds of Hormones

Epinephrine

Response to stress

Thyroxine

Metabolism and growth, PKU individuals have problems with this.

Cortisol

Stress hormone

Oxytocin

Love hormone

Brain Stem

Most ancient part of the brain responsible for moving, breathing, sleeping, and present in animals.

Hindbrain

Regulates many automatic activities, such as breathing, pumping action of the heart, and digestion

1. Medulla

2. Pons

3. Cerebellum

Parts of Hindbrain

Medulla

Blood pressure, breathing, and circulation

Pons

Coordinating movements

Cerebellum

Motor coordination and balance

Midbrain

Coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of reticular activating system (RAS)

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Contributes to processes of arousal and tension, such as whether we are awake or asleep.

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. Corpus Callosum

4. Limbic System

5. Basal Ganglia

6. Cerebral Cortex

Parts of the Forebrain

Thalamus

Relay sensory information to higher region of the brain

Hypothalamus

Vital body functions, emotional and motivational state.

Corpus Callosum

Connect the right and left hemisphere

Limbic System

Emotional processing and memory

1. Amygdala

2. Hippocampus

3. Nucleus Accumbens

Parts of Limbic System A

Amygdala

Response (fear), memory, and emotions

Hippocampus

Short and long term memory

Nucleus Accumbens

Motivational and action

Basal Ganglia

Includes caudate nucleus

Cerebral Cortex

Largest part of the brain—plan, reason, create, contains 80% of neurons.

1. Frontal Lobe

2. Parietal Lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital Lobe

Brain Lobes:

Frontal Lobe

Higher cognitive functions, such as thinking, reasoning, planning.

Parietal Lobe

Sensations of touch and body functioning

Temporal Lobe

Sounds, hearing, auditory