L2: Multi-Dimensional Approach to Psychopathology, Clinical Assessment & Diagnosis

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144 Terms

1

Multidimensional Integrative Approach

Biological Dimension, psychological dimension, emotional influences or social influences that contributes a variety of psychopathology.

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Multidimensional Model

Term for the model of multiple influences

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  1. Biological

  2. Behavioral

  3. Social

3 Multidimensional Aspects

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Biological

Brain dysfunction, biochemical imbalances, genetic abnormalities. Can also be accidents/traumatic experiences.

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Behavioral

Conditioning, learning, modeling, observations

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Social

Support system, people or environment, events and experiences

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Genes

Long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at various locations on chromosomes, within the cell nucleus.

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46 Chromosomes

Total number of chromosomes of a normal human cell.

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Autosomes

23 pairs and 22 pairs

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Sex Chromosomes

23rd pair of `chromosome

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X Chromosome

Chromosome that the mother contributes

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Y Chromosome

Chromosome that the father contributes

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  1. Dominant Gene

  2. Recessive Gene

2 Types of Genes

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Dominant Gene

Pair of genes strongly influence a particular trait

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Recessive Gene

Trait that is only expressed when both allele is present.

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Mandelian Laws of Genetics

Predict fairly accurately how many offspring will develop a certain trait, characteristic or disorder.

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Huntington’s Disease

Degenerative brain disease that causes deterioration in a specific area of the brain.

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Basal ganglia

Because of HD, it caused this area of the brain to deteriorate

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Chromosome 4

Defective chromosome number in HD

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Mental retardation which present at birth, unable to metabolize or break down foods, caused by a defect in a single gene.

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Chromosome 12

Defective chromosome number in PKU

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  1. Seizure

  2. Small head size

  3. Coordination difficulties

  4. Dwarfism/Short stature

  5. Backward-sloping forehead

  6. Hyperactivity

  7. Facial distortions

  8. Delays in speech & movement

Defects/Physical Looks of Individual with PKU

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Diathesis

Condition that makes someone susceptible or vulnerable to developing disorder.

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The smaller the vulnerability, the greater the life stress required to produce the disorder. With greater vulnerability, less life stress is required.

Complete the sentence:

The smaller the vulnerability, _______ to produce the disorder. With _____,_________ is required.

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  1. Predisposing Factor

  2. Precipitating Factor

  3. Perpetuating Factor

  4. Protective Factor

4 Factors in Developing a Disorder

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Predisposing Factor

Cause of a disorder

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Precipitating Factor

Allow disorders to develop

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Perpetuating Factor

Allow to persist

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Protective Factor

Help to protect buffer the development of a disorder.

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5 HTT Genes

substance called chemical transporter that affects the transmission of serotonin in the brain.

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SS Allele (Short)

Risk for having a MDD, tend to doubled if they had atleast 4 stressful life events.

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LL Allele (Long)

Able to cope better with stress, any stressful childhood experiences did not affect the incidence of MDD in adulthood.

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Central Nervous System

Processes all information received from our sense organs.

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140 Billion

Number of average nerve cells that functions inside our brain daily.

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Neurons

Term for the 140 billion nerve cells the brain uses.

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  1. Dendrites

  2. Axon

  3. Synapses

  4. Action Potentials

  5. Terminal Button

  6. Synaptic Cleft

  7. Nodes of Ranvier

Parts of the Neurons

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  1. Dendrite

  2. Myelin Sheath

  3. Axon Terminal

  4. Nodes of Ranvier

  5. Axon

  6. Nucleus

Name the parts of the Neurons

<p>Name the parts of the Neurons</p>
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Dendrites

Receive messages from other nerve cells

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Axon

Transmit impulses to other neurons

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Synapses

Connections to other neurons

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Action Potentials

Electric impulses where information is transmitted

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Terminal Button

End of axon

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Synaptic Cleft

Space between terminal button of one neuron and dendrite of another

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps between myelin sheath

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Disorder occurs when the chemicals from axon terminal is incomplete or was not absorbed by the dendrite.

How does a disorder occur?

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Neurotransmitters

Often referred to as the body’s chemical messengers. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles.

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  1. Excitatory

  2. Inhibitory

2 Effects of Neurotransmitters

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Excitatory

Individual may be aggressive or agitated

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Inhibitory

Individual is relaxed or clam.

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Reuptake

Neurotransmitter released quickly broken down and brought back to the synaptic cleft again.

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  1. Agonists

  2. Antagonists

  3. Inverse Agonists

3 Production of Neurotransmitter

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Agonists

Increase the activity of neurotransmitter

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Antagonists

Decrease/block the neurotransmitter

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Inverse Agonists

Produces effect opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitters.

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  1. Monoamine Class

  2. Amino Acid Class

2 Categories of Neurotransmitters

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Monoamine Class

  1. Modulation of psychomotor function

  2. Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Gastrointestinal control

  3. Sleep mechanisms

  4. Hormone secretion

  5. Body temperature

  6. Pain

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Amino Acid Class

Inhibitory and Excitatory Messengers in the nervous system.

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  1. Glutamate

  2. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)

2 Kinds of AMINO ACIDS

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Glutamate

Excitatory transmitter that turn on many different neurons leading to action.

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GABA

Inhibit the transmission of information and action potentials; relaxed.

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  1. Anxiety

  2. Perseverating

  3. Restlessness

  4. Migraines

  5. Tics

  6. Motor Stereotypies

Too much glutamate may cause:

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  1. Serotonin

  2. Norepinephrine

  3. Dopamine

Types of Monoamine

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Serotonin

Regulates the behavior, moods, and thought processes

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Norepinephrine

Also called noradrenaline responsible for alertness and arousal

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Dopamine

Also known as catecholamine turn on brain circuits.

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L-dopa

Dopamine Agonists (Increases dopamine activities)

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Glutamate

High: Psychosis

Low: Huntington’s Disease

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GABA

High: Relaxation

Low: Anxiety, OCD

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Serotonin

High: Mania

Low: MDD, Anxiety, ED

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Norepinephrine

High: PTSD, Anxiety, Mania

Low: MDD

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Dopamine

High: Schizoprenia

Low: Mania, PD (Psychotic Disorder)

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Hormones

Released directly to the blood streams.

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  1. Epinephrine

  2. Thyroxine

  3. Cortisol

  4. Oxytocin

Kinds of Hormones

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Epinephrine

Response to stress

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Thyroxine

Metabolism and growth, PKU individuals have problems with this.

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Cortisol

Stress hormone

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Oxytocin

Love hormone

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Brain Stem

Most ancient part of the brain responsible for moving, breathing, sleeping, and present in animals.

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Hindbrain

Regulates many automatic activities, such as breathing, pumping action of the heart, and digestion

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  1. Medulla

  2. Pons

  3. Cerebellum

Parts of Hindbrain

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Medulla

Blood pressure, breathing, and circulation

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Pons

Coordinating movements

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Cerebellum

Motor coordination and balance

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Midbrain

Coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of reticular activating system (RAS)

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Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Contributes to processes of arousal and tension, such as whether we are awake or asleep.

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  1. Thalamus

  2. Hypothalamus

  3. Corpus Callosum

  4. Limbic System

  5. Basal Ganglia

  6. Cerebral Cortex

Parts of the Forebrain

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Thalamus

Relay sensory information to higher region of the brain

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Hypothalamus

Vital body functions, emotional and motivational state.

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Corpus Callosum

Connect the right and left hemisphere

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Limbic System

Emotional processing and memory

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  1. Amygdala

  2. Hippocampus

  3. Nucleus Accumbens

Parts of Limbic System A

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Amygdala

Response (fear), memory, and emotions

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Hippocampus

Short and long term memory

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Nucleus Accumbens

Motivational and action

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Basal Ganglia

Includes caudate nucleus

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Cerebral Cortex

Largest part of the brain—plan, reason, create, contains 80% of neurons.

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  1. Frontal Lobe

  2. Parietal Lobe

  3. Temporal Lobe

  4. Occipital Lobe

Brain Lobes:

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Frontal Lobe

Higher cognitive functions, such as thinking, reasoning, planning.

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Parietal Lobe

Sensations of touch and body functioning

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Temporal Lobe

Sounds, hearing, auditory

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