AP PSYCH- SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Sensation

the process of our NS receiving information through out 5 known senses

Central NS

Transduction

process of stmuli being transformed into neural impulses in order to reach out NS, ex you see from your occipital lobes

Chemical senses

taste and smell

Electric senses

everything else besides taste and smell

Perception

interpreting information, much of it is objective, ex: “nice outfit”

Motion sickness

info sent to brain from eyes doesn't match up to signals sent to brain from inner ear and vestibular system.

Sensory Adaptation

getting used to something and becoming less sensitive to it over time

Habituation

behavioural process that is learned

Absolute threshold

the least amount of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time. ex eye chart, volume on TV, minimum amount of salt. From zero

Just Noticeable difference(JND)

the smallest adjustment /change that can be detected, noticing a change

Weber’s Law

change must be proportional to original stimulus to recognize a difference ex 50-100-200 the next will be 400 watt.,

Signal Detection Theory

we preserve/interpret a sensation/stimulus depending on expectations/setting. ex louid noice home alone vs in public

SCIPLRBGOTO

Sclera, Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion cells, Optic nerve, Thalamus, Occipital lobe

Sclera

white part of eye

cornea

protective cover

iris

colored part of eye

Pupil

opening that admits light

Lens

focuses

Retina

sensory and visual receptors

Optic Nerve

sends signal to brain, there is a blind sport where signal is passed on

Thalamus

traffic controller

FOVEA

central section of retina, 7,000-30,000 cones(color) located there, sharpest vision but we have more rods(light/darkness)

Retinal Disparity

the difference between what your left and right eyes see

Convergence

object comes closer to our face, out eyes focus on and object to maintain binocular vision

Binocular vision

depth perception. using both eyes

monocular cues

little to no depth perception if using only one eye

visual cliff experiment

toddler, Plexi gass, cliff

Trichromatic theory

color is the result in visual sstem process color in pairs that inhibit/block each other, ex “after images” red, green, blue combine

How we hear: PETHASOCBOAT

Pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane(eardrum), hammer/anvil/stirrup(HAS) oval window, Cochlea(snail/coil shaped, basilar membrane that contains organ of corti(hair cells), auditory nerve( in the temporal lobe),

How to remember ears

“PE TEACHER HAS OLD CORPSE BEHIND OUR AUDITORIUM TODAY”

Amplitude

height of sound waves(volume)

Frequency

speed(closeness) of sound waves impacts pitch and Timer(quality)

Conduction Deafness

physical(noise damage to hearing)

Sensorineural Deafness

nerve damage, birth

Vestribular

system responsible for balance and spatial orientation, using signals from the inner ear. ex driving a car

Kinesthetic

control of specific body parts. ex flick f a hand

Olfaction

sense of smell

Gustation

sense of taste

Big four tastes

Salty, sweet, Bitter, sour, umami/mog

Skin senses

sensory receptors send signals to the parietal lobe ex: cultures with touch and physical promixity

Placebo

non medicinal substance that is fake

False postive

Type I error, someone is healthy but tests positive. false alarm

False negative

Type II error, someone is unhealthy but tests as healthy.

Bottom up Processing

well thought out, in depth and takes time

Top Down processing

quick decision, not as through

feature detectors

our nervous system helps us pick out certain features that we know, usually visual ut not exclusive

Perceptual consistency

ability to recognize a familiar object in different settings, ex recognizing a teacher in public

Ambigous

images with more then one intepretation

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Context effect

the surrounding info helps interpret data, info your senses are taking in Ex A 13 C 1234

Figure

part of picture that grabs your attention

Ground

part of picture that does not grab your attencion

PHI Phenomenon

blinking lights, appearance of motion

Gestalt Psychology

visual perecption

Similarity

grouping similar objects together

Proximity

grouping close objects together

Contrunity

preferring continuous flow of a line/figure

Common fate

a group of objects moving with similar destination

Pragnaz

brain prefers simple

Closure

close a geometric figure, close incomplete circle

cocktail party effect

abilty to tune out attention to a single stimulus

stroop effect

a cognitive phenomenon where naming the color of the word interferes with reading the word itself, often due to conflicting meanings.

Broca’s area

where language is processed

Wernecke’s area

left temporal lobe, emotions of speech

Wharfs hypothesis

language impacts how we think

subliminal

below the absolute threshold for consciousness awareness

Gustav Fechner

pioneer in psychophysics who formulated laws measuring the relationship between stimuli and perception.

Priming

how a persons stimulus influences a persons response to another stimulus

accommodation

the process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens shape to see objects at varying distances.

Optic nerve

movies numeral impulse from eye to brain

Opponent-process theory

a theory in color vision that states colors are perceived in terms of opposing pairs: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.

David Hubel/ Torsten Wiesel

provedthat visual processing occurs in multiple stages in the brain and identified specific areas responsible for processing different aspects of vision.

Place theory

a theory that explains how we perceive pitch, stating that different pitches are perceived based on the location of activation on the basilar membrane within the cochlea.

frequency theory

a theory that suggests the perception of pitch is related to the frequency at which hair cells in the cochlea fire. This means that lower frequencies correspond to lower pitches, while higher frequencies correspond to higher pitches.

gate control theory

the spinal cord has a neurological gate that controls if pain signals reach the brain

Sensory interaction

brain blends senses, one may influence the toher

embodied cognition

how sensations to the body influence judgements