Leukocytes

What are Leukocytes?

White Blood Cells

How do we differentiate the several kinds of Leukocytes we know?

With Special Stains.

Examples:

Wright's Stain

Giemso Stain

Name the two stain categories that we differentiate WBCs.

Granular White Blood Cell = Granulocytes

Agranular White Blood Cell = Agranulocytes

Describe Granulocytes.

Each has obvious grains in cytoplasm. Stains cause grains to turn different colors.

What are the 3 different types of Granular White Blood Cells we will see?

Neutrophil

Eoisinophil

Basophil

What are some synonyms of Neutrophil?

Polymorphonucleur

Polymorphs

Segs

Describe Neutrophils and its main function.

Granular WBC, nucleus varies in shape, if mature will see segments to nucleus. Light purple grain. It is the most plentiful WBC in circulation.

Its function is phagocytosis, since most common it is among first to scene of invaders.

Describe Eiosinophil.

Granular WBCS, 1-3% in circulation (horses ~10%). It has a biolobed nucleus and red grains.

What are 3 functions of Eiosinophil?

1. Phagocytosis

2. Helpful to try to get rid of parasitic worms.

3. Helpful to try to cope with allergic reactions.

Describe Basophil.

Granular WBC, in tissues converts to most cell. It has a bilobed nucleus and has a blue-black grain. It has less than 1% circulating WBC, because most leave circulation and wander through connective tissue.

What are 2 functions of Basophil?

1. Phagocytosis

2. Realse chemicals to initiate inflammation response. These chemicals release Histamine.

What does Histamine trigger?

Inflammation

What is inflammation?

Localized tissue response to injury or assault.

What are 5 Cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?

S.H.a.R.P.I

Swelling

Heat

and

Redness

Pain

Itch

Why is inflammation beneficial?

1. Vasodilation

2. Increased permeability of capillary blood vessel walls

3. Pain & Itch

Describe why Vasodilation is beneficial during inflammation.

Blood vessels dilate to bring more blood, nutrients, O2, & defenses to area. This is responsible for redness and heat.

Describe why increased permeability of capillary blood vessel walls is beneficial during inflammation.

Opens areas tween cells in walls. This is beneficial as it allows WBC and chemical defense like Globulins to get out of blood vessel easier to site of invasion.

Describe why pain & itch is beneficial during inflammation.

Alerts you to know something is wrong. (comes from chemical signals also released by other cells)

Is swelling bad?

No, only when is long term, or chronic as it may even cause soggy tissue.

What are antihistamines?

Stop inflammation triggers, such as Benidryl.

What are Agranular WBC known as Agranulocytes?

Second group of white blood cells that do not contain grains in cytoplasm.

What are the two types of Agranulocytes?

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

What are Monocytes?

In tissue called Macrophages, they are the larges of all WBC. There are 5% of circulating WBC but most leave circulation & wander in connective tissue. They have a large nucleus filling half or two-thirds of the cell, and have a blue-gray cytoplasm.

What are the functions of Monocytes?

Phagocytosis, and can digest remnants of tissue, bacteria, & etc. Think of it like a janitor doing final cleanup.

What are Lymphoctyes?

Second most common WBC in circulation, with 20-30% circulating. The nucleus almost fills the cell, and has blue cytoplasm.

What are the functions of Lymphocytes?

NOT phagocytosis; this cell is critical in the immune system and has two types.

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

1. T-cells

2. B-cells

What are T-cells?

Tlymphocytes, programmed by the Thymus Gland in infancy.

What are the functions of Tlymphocytes?

Orchestrate our body defenses against invades.

An example) Can call more Macrophages into an area to fight infections. Use chemical signals to attract cells. Chemical signals called Cytokinesis = Lymphokinesis.

What are B-Cells?

A lymphocyte, when activated are known as Plasma Cells.

What are the functions of B-cells?

Are antibody factories. Each specializing in making one unique antibody. Diabetes/other diseases can affect decade old cells of this kind.