Macromolecules (3.1-3.6)

carbohydrate elements

CHO

carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

2 monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis create

disaccharide

monosaccharide examples

ends in -ose

sucrose, fructose, ribose

carbohydrate formula

Cx H2× Ox

carbohydrate function

short term energy

What process is this?

dehydration synthesis/condensation

What process is this?

hydrolysis

condensation/dehydration

2 parts with a removed water to make 1 (+H2O)

hydrolysis

1 part broken by addition of water to make 2

polysaccharides

sugar; formed by carbon monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond

starch

PLANTS: branches broken easily for energy storage, easily digested

cellulose

PLANTS: humans cannot digest, compact structure, helps diet through excretion

glycogen

ANIMALS: stored energy, made in liver and muscle cells, release when blood sugar’s low, carb

chitin

FUNGI: exoskeleton, bugs/insects, shrimp

lipid elements

CHO

lipid monomers

fatty acids and glycerol

lipid (triglyceride) function

long term energy, insulation, protect organs

saturated fatty acid

solid at room temperature, more unhealthy

unsaturated fatty acid

liquid at room temperature, more healthy, C=C bond resulting in bent shape

triglyceride composition

made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol through dehydration

phospholipid

in bilayer, found near cell membrane, regulate in and out, amphipathic

phospholipid head

hydrophilic overall, contains glycerol and phosphate group (hydrophilic)

phospholipid tails

two hydrophobic (non polar) tails (fatty acids), with 1 having a kink.

steroids

lipid chemical messengers

steroid polarity

non polar because you don’t want it to dissolve in the bloodstream which is mostly water

protein elements

CHONS

enzymes

protein that speeds chemical reactions (ends in -ASE)

antibodies

hydrophilic proteins that fight diseases

membrane transport proteins

g-protein and tyrosine kinase (receptor proteins)

hormones

lipid (nonpolar) that’s a signaling molecule

myosin/actin

protein used in muscle contraction

protein monomer

amino acid

what’s this?

amino group (-NH2)

what’s this?

carboxyl group (-C=O)

what’s the H above the C represent?

amino acid

bond between proteins

peptide bond (covalent)

dehydration synthesis example

amino acid + amino acid - H2O = dipeptide +H2O

protein structure includes:

primary 1, secondary 2 (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet), tertiary 3, quaternary 4

identify

primary 1

primary 1 shape

chain of amino acids released from ribosome

primary 1 bonds

peptide bonds

primary 1 example

insulin

identify

secondary 2 alpha helix

identify

secondary 2 beta pleated sheet

secondary 2 bonds

weak hydrogen bonds

secondary 2 example

fibroin

secondary composition

multiple amino acid chains (primary 1s)

tertiary 3 composition

primary, secondary alpha and beta

tertiary 3

interaction between r groups, polypeptide folds on itself

tertiary 3 bonds

vander waals, ionic bonds, h-bonds, disulfide bridge (S-S)

identify

tertiary 3

quaternary 4 composition

2 or more tertiary structures bonded together

quaternary bonds

vander waals, ionic bonds, H-bonds, disulfide bonds

identify

quaternary 4

nucleic acid (monomer) elements

CHONP

DNA

nucleic acid that instructs protein construction and stores genetic info

nucleotide composition

phosphate, sugar, base

RNA

nucleic acid, messenger to make proteins

DNA

double stranded

what sugar is this

deoxyribose

what sugar is this

ribose

quaternary example

hemoglobin

temperature, pH, concentration of salt can lead to what

denaturation

carbs found in

muscles

lipids found in

fatty tissue

proteins found in

muscles, organs, skin, and skeleton

nucleic acids found in

mitochondria, chloroplasts