AP PYSCHOLOGY UNIT 2

Cognition

the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Concepts

an abstract idea; a general notion.

Prototype

the mental best example or average representation of a category, embodying its most typical features, rather than a strict definition

Cultural Awareness

the conscious recognition and understanding of cultural similarities and differences, including how one's own cultural background shapes their values, biases, and behaviors

Schemas

a mental framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information about the world, people, and ourselves

Assimilation

the cognitive process of fitting new information or experiences into existing mental frameworks (schemas) without changing them

Accomodation

adjusting existing mental frameworks (schemas) or creating new ones to incorporate new information or experiences that don't fit existing beliefs

Creativity

the ability to generate or recognize ideas, solutions, or products that are both novel (original/new) and valuable (useful/appropriate), involving cognitive processes like divergent thinking, imagination, and problem-solving to go beyond conventional boundaries

Convergent thinking

the cognitive process of narrowing down many possibilities to find a single, correct, or most logical solution to a problem, relying on logic, analysis, and established criteria

Divergent thinking

the cognitive process of narrowing down many possibilities to find a single, correct, or most logical solution to a problem, relying on logic, analysis, and established criteria

expertise

a high level of skill and knowledge in a specific domain, resulting from extensive practice and experience

imaginative thinking

a core cognitive ability to form mental images, concepts, and possibilities beyond immediate reality

venturesome personality

a trait characterized by a desire to seek out new experiences, a willingness to take risks, and an ability to tolerate uncertainty and ambiguity

intrinisic motivation

the drive to engage in an activity because it is personally satisfying or enjoyable, stemming from an internal desire rather than external rewards or pressures

creative environment

a setting that fosters innovation by encouraging novel thinking through social support and the intentional design of physical space.

boosting creative process

actively using cognitive and environmental strategies to enhance originality, problem-solving, and idea generation

executive functions

a set of high-level cognitive processes, managed by the brain's prefrontal cortex, that control and regulate our behavior, thoughts, and emotions to help us plan, focus, remember, and successfully achieve goals

algorithm

a step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving problems or making decisions

heuristic

insight

flash of brain activity

fixation

mental set

representitive heuristic

gamblers fallacy

overconfidence

charles spearman

factor analysis

L.L. Thurstone

The Cattell-Horn Carrol Theory

fluid intelligence

crystalized intelligence

savant syndrome

analytical creative and practical intelligences

grit

emotional intelligence

precieving emotions

understanding emotions

managing emotions

using emotions

intelligence tests

achievement tests

aptitude tests

mental age

stanford-binet

IQ

WAIS test

psychometrics

standardization

normal curve

flynn effect

reliability

content validity

construct validity

predictive validity

cross sectional study

cohort

logituinal study

heritability

growth mindset

fixed mindset

stereotype threat

recall

recognition

relearning

encoding

extracting

storage

retrieval

paralell processing

sensory memory

short term memory

long term memory

working memory

central executuve

phonological loop

visuospatial sketchpad

neurogenisis

long term potentation (LTP)

explicit memory

automatic procesing

implicit memory

iconic memory

echoic memory

chunking

mneumoics

spacing effect

testing effect

shallow processing

deep processing

semantic memory

episodic memory

memory consolidation

hippocampus

flashbulb memory

priming

encoding specifically principle

mood congruent memory

interleaving