Reproduction (copy)

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction without the use of another organism

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction with the use of another organism

Negatives of asexual reproduction

Lack of genetic variation

Negatives of sexual reproduction

Requires a mate, takes longer to produce offspring

Example of asexual reproduction

Yeast

Example of sexual reproduction

Animals

Male gamate in a plant

Pollen grains

Female gamate in a plant

Eggs or ova

What is a gamate?

Sex cell

Pollination

Male gamates are transferred to the female gamates

What is 1 and its function?

Petal, to encourage fertilisation

What is 2 and its function?

Ovary, stores the ovum

What is 3 and its function?

Stigma, sticky, receives the pollen grain

What is 5 and its function?

Anther, produces pollen grain

What is 6 and its function?

Filament, holds the anther

What is 8 and its function?

Stalk, hold up the flower

What is 9 and its function?

Receptacle, supports the flower

What is 10 and its function?

Speal, leaf like, protects the flower until it opens.

Characteristics of an insect pollinated plant

• Large vibrant petals

• Scent

• Nectaries

• Stamen inside the flower

• Pistal inside the flower

• Stigma is a long tube

• Lots of pollen

Characteristics of a wind pollinated plant

• Few, small, dull petals

• No scent

• No nactaries

• Stamen outside the flower

• Pistal inside the flower

• Feathery stigma

• Little pollen

Plant fertilisation

• Pollen gran sticks to stigma (pollination)

• Pollentube germinates from the pollen grain, down the style and enters the ovule via the micropyle

• Pollen nucleus (male gamate) moves down the pollen tube

• Pollen nucleus fuses with the egg cell in the ovule and forms a zygote (fertiliastion)

Germination

When seeds start to grow

Conditions for germination

• Warm temp (for enzymes)

• Water

• Oxygen

Variables for germination practical

• Independent - water, temp, oxygen

• Dependent - germination (growth)

• Control - type of seed, size of seed, amount of seeds

Runners

Natural method of cloning. Fast growing stems, clones of parent. No genetic variation

Cuttings

Artificial method of cloning. Cuttings then planted. No genetic variation

What is 1?

Vagina

What is 2?

Cervix

What is 4?

Uterus

What is 5?

Fallopian tube

What is 7?

Ovaries

What is 2?

Prostate gland

What is 3?

Penis

What is 4?

Ureathra

What is 5?

Testis

What is 6?

Scrotum

Where does the sperm cell fuse with the egg cell (fertilization)?

Fallopian tubes

Where is testosterone produced?

The testes

Where is oestrogen and progesterone produces?

The ovaries

What happens once a zygote is formed (humans?)

Divides multiple times to develop a ball of cell embryo which moves to uterus where it will implanted

What is foetus?

Emryo after 3 months

How long does it take for the placenta to develop?

3 months

What is the placenta?

Allow foetus to obtain oxygen + nutrience from the mother’s blood and removes waste products (CO2 and Urea), secrets progesterone

What is the amniotic fluid?

Protects the foetus from sudden movements and bumps and temp change

What does oestrogen do to women?

• Pubic hair

• Hips widen

• Development of breasts

• Ovum release and start of periods

What does testosterone do to men?

• Facial and body hair

• Muscles develop

• Penis and testicles enlarge

• Sperm production

• Deepening of voice