PSYC 1F90- Sem 2

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554 Terms

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Social Psychology

The study of how people behave in social situations. Social sychology is responsible for the best and worst things humanity has done.

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Social Groups

• They are groups that help us define who we are

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• They give us roles to take on, and rules to follow

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• One social group we are a part of is the fact that we're Brock students

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• Other social groups include your gender, race, age, religion, mental health status, etc.

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Ingroups

• They are groups that you personally identify with

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Outgroups

• Groups that you do not identify with

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• People tend to see the negativity with groups they do not identify with

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Social Roles

• Expectations for how people who hold certain positions in a group ought to behave

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Social Norms

• A widely accepted standard of conduct for appropriate behavior, unspoken agreements

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Flyers Experiment

• 1, 2, 4, and 8 pieces of litter on the ground

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• The more litter on the ground, the more likely they were to throw their flyer on the ground

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• This proves how norms are so important to shaping our behavior

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• We are a social species

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Social Cognition

• It is the process of thinking about ourselves and other people in social contexts

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Social Comparison

• The process of evaluating our abilities, achievements, and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

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Downward comparison

• Comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension

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• It protects our self-esteem

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Upward comparison

• Comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension

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• It lowers our self-esteem and is motivating to do better

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• It can be bad for your mental health, especially if you compare yourself to someone who is essentially out of reach

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• Reasearch shows that role models are most motivating when the level of achievement they have feels attainable

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• The happiest people will compare themselves to their own internal standards rather than looking to others

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Attribution

• A theory describing how we assign attributions for other people's behavior

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Dispositional Attribution

Explaining a persons behavior as a products of their personality

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Situational Attribution

Explaining a persons behavior as being the product of their situation

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Fundamental Attribution Error

• The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional causes, without regard for situational influences

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• We tend to explain other people's behaviors by their personality more than their situation

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• Humans are more dispositionalist

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• The assumptions we make are not always correct

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Actor Observer Bias

• The tendency to make dispositional attributions for the behaviour of others and situational attributions for our own behavior

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Self-Serving Attributions

• Positive outcome for self:

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○ Explain it in terms of dispositional factors

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• Negative outcome for self:

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○ Explain it in terms of situational factors

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Self-Handicapping

• Placing obstacles in the way of your success to protect your self-esteem from possible future failure

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• Like partying the night before a test

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Self-justification

• We make stories to make us seem like a good person in relation to our own behavior

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Cognitive dissonance theory

• The idea that people have a distaste for perceiving inconsistency between their thoughts and behaviours

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• Cognitive dissonance occurs when we hold two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent

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• Dissonant thoughts cause psychological discomfort

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• We try to reduce dissonance by making our cognitions more compatible

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Reducing dissonance

• Change behaviour —> Stop smoking

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• Change the cognition —> Smoking doesn't cause cancer

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• Add consonant thoughts —> Smoking reduces stress

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• Changing the importance of the dissonant thoughts —> Smoking is cool

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• We are skilled at psychological distortion to convince ourselves that what we do is acceptable

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• We are very hypocritical as a species

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Social Facilitation

• The tendency to perform better in the presence of other people

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Tripplett's social facilitation study

• He told children to reel in a fishing rod as fast as they could

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• Some were alone, some were competing against other children

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He found that the children reeled faster when they were competing with other children than when they did it alone

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Social Loafing

• When a person exerts less effort knowing that their individual performance will be hidden in the group product

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Tug of war study

• Participants told they would pull on a rope as individuals and as part of a team

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• Participants were blindfolded

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• Participants led to believe they had teammates exerted less effort

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Conformity

• When we change our behaviour or opinions to be in agreement with other people

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• Solomon Asch's (1956) study of conformity

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• Four lines, the answer is C but everybody else says A

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• So you say A as well

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75% of participants conformed and gave the ground answer at least once in the experiment

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Compliance

• Bending to the requests of another person who has little or no authority over them

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Compliance techniques

• Foot in the door: A person who complies with a small request is more likely to comply with a larger demand later (sign on the lawn experiment)

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• Low balling: You get a person committed to act then, once they are committed, make the terms less desirable

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• Door in the face: People are more likely to comply with a moderate request after they have first refused a much larger request

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Obedience

• When you comply with the requests of someone in a position of authority

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• The Milgram studies

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Coercion

• Forced to change beliefs of behavior against your will

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Brainwashing techniques

• Create a feeling of entrapment

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• Introduce new beliefs

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Offer friendship, sympathy, and promises of leniency

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Group Cohesiveness

Refers to the extent to which groups members want to remain in the group

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  • Members of cohesive groups often stick together, and their behavior tends to be closely coordinated.
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Group Structure

Consists of the network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group.

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  • Some groups have more structure than others. For example, a sports team has a lot more structure than a friend group
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Role Conflict

Trying to occupy two or more roles that make conflicting demands on behavior.

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Social comparison

Making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others.

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Attitude

Positive or negative perception of people, objects, or issues.

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Open-ended interview

An interview in which persons are allowed to freely state their views.

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Social status

The degree of prestige, admiration, and respect accorded to a member of a group.

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Social power

The degree to which a group member can control, alter, or influence the behavior of another group member.

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Social cognition

The process of thinking about ourselves and others in a social context.

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Social Distance Scale

A rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group.

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Attitude Scale

A collection of attitudinal statements with which respondents indicate agreement or disagreement.

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Reference Group

Any group that an individual uses as a standard for social comparison.

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Social Interference

Tendency to perform more poorly when in the presence of others.

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Mere Presence

The tendency for people to change their behavior just because of the presence of other people.

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Group Sanctions

Rewards and punishments (such as approval or disapproval) administered by groups to enforce conformity among members.

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Groupthink

Rewards and punishments (such as approval or disapproval) administered by groups to enforce conformity among members.

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Persuasion

Rewards and punishments (such as approval or disapproval) administered by groups to enforce conformity among members.

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Cult

A group that professes great devotion to some person and follows that person almost without question; cult members are typically victimized by their leaders in various ways.

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Self-Assertion

A direct, honest expression of feelings and desires

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Shock Experiment

Researchers told participants to do a memory test, with every wrong answer giving a shock. With half the participants they told them that they would get a painful shock, and the other half with mild shocks. With the people who expected to get painful shocks, they were more likely to want other people to sit with them

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Factors impacting attraction

• Familiarity: We are attracted to people who are familiar

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• Physical proximity: People we run into often

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• Similarity: We prefer people who are similar to each other

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• Physical attractiveness: We prefer people we find physically attractive

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• Reciprocity: We prefer people who like us

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Westgate Study

Students in residence were asked to name their three closest friends

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Results (% close friends by neighbor type):