History exam review

What were the 2 alliances that existed at the beginning of WW1? List the countries involved.

Triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (1915)

Triple entente: France, Britain and Russia

State and define the 3 “isms” that were the long term causes of the war.

1. Militarism: The belief in the power of armies and navies to decide issues. Ex. Britain and Germany competing to have the largest navy to control seas

2. Imperialism: A policy of obtaining political, economic or social control over other countries and building an empire. Ex. Both Germany and Britain were fighting bringing in all their colonies into war

3. Nationalism: is when people see their country as being the best and put its interests first, regardless of other countries. Ex. Great Britain wanted to maintain their status as a world power, but Germany wanting to replace them

What was the “spark” that ignited WW1?

Archduke of Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia are assassinated by Garvrilo Princip of the Black Hand (Serbian secret society)

Describe the Schlieffen Plan.

• Purpose: To put a quick end to the war between France and Russia

• The plan was not successful because of two major issues:

1. Rigid design for movement and timing

2. Violating political treaties

Movement and timing:

• The plan expected 3 things to happen:

1. Russia would moblize slowly

2. Germany would quickly advance into France

3. France would be overtaken

What really happened?

• The plan relied too much on timing

• the troops were slowed down due to land conditions in Belguim and lack of proper supplies

• The French troops were prepared for the attack

• The Schlieffen plan should have prevented Germany from fighting a war on two fronts (Russia and France) but failed.

State 5 hardships of trench life.

1. Mice:

• Mice would feed off of human corps, so they grew to the size of house cats and rabbits

• they carried diseases with them and multiplied by the massive infestations imposibleto get rid of

2. Lice

• Soldiers were infected with lice

• conditions called Trench fever caused by lice and created fever/severe pain

3. Boredom

• Physical toll on the soldiers was tough, however the phycological toll was even thougher

• you had to keep your movements to a minimum in the front lines, so soldiers would write letters or read

4. Trench foot

• Trench foot is a fungal infection of the feet caused by prolonged exposure to damp, cold conditions

• caused ganged feet and infections

5. Shell shock

• shell shock is now known as PTSD

• caused by tramatic events a soldier has seen in battle

Battle of Ypres

Date: 1915

Location: Belguim

Events:

• To break stalemate Germans used chlorine gas

• soldiers had to soak cloth in urine to protect themselves from gas

• Canadians held for 2 days until British relief

Significance:

• First use of chlorine gas

• Canada’s first major battle success

• Canadians provide themselves

Canadian casualties: 6 000

Victory: Entente victory (holding ground)

Battle of Somme

Date: 1916

Location: France

Events:

• battle lasted 141 days (4-5 months)

• General Haig ends campaign when rain came

Significance

• Showed effectiveness for machine guns + artillery

• 50% of all wounds in battle caused by machine gun

• troops thought war would go on forever

Casualties: 24,000

Victory: Stalemate

Battle of Vimy ridge

Date: 1917

Location: France

Event

• Canadians led by General Authur Currie

• Task of storming Vimy Ridge at 5:30am on Easter monday

• Canadians wiped out German army by midmorning and seized heights

Significance

• Vimy ridge was important position for a vial area to protect France

• Victory proved Canadians were capable of planning and carrying out successful attacks

• Turing point in war: allies on the offensive

Casualties: 3 600

Victory: Canadian victory

Passchendaele

Date: 1917

Location Belguim

Event

• Troops crawled in waist deep mud under shells

• reached the village of passchendaele and held for 5 days

• 1/5 of forces were alive at the end of battle

Significance:

• Germans held high ground giving them the ability to see entente powers and movements

• 9 Canadian soldiers gained the Victoria cross

• 6km gained

Casualties: 16 400

Victory: Entente

Explain 2 measures introduced by the Canadian government to raise money for the war effort.

1. Victory bonds:

• people gave money to the government for war materials and are promised to be payed back with more

2. Patriotic funds

• people donate money to the Government to pay for the war

How did the roles for women change as a result of WW1?

• Women had to take their role in the household

• Women worked in factories that had dangerous conditions to health, low wages, and long hours

• Women could vote on behalf of family members or husbands off at war 1917 because of prime minister Borden

• If Borden was re-elected he would give women the right to vote permanently

• Women suffrage began to rise (famous five)

Why was there an explosion in Halifax and what was the significance?

Date: December 6, 1917

What happened?

• French ammunition ship (mont Blanc) was on the way to Bedfourd Baisn departing from Halifax

• Carrying large amounts of explosives

• Collided with the IMO, streamer heading to Belguim

• Mont Blanc caught fire and had no way to warn people it was coming and exploded at 9:05am

• explosion caused tidal wave that demolished parts of Halifax

• 2000 people died

• 20 000 people injured

Significance:

• Showed Canadians a little bit of what war was like. For the first time since war began, Canadians felt the aftermath of war

What was conscription? Why did this raise controversy?

• July 1917, law of consription was put in place to force 18-45 year old able bodied men to fight in war

• used to replace low enlistment rates expecially after the battle of somme

• This caused a drift in the French and English Canadians because French were against it and English were for it

How did Robert Borden ensure victory in the 1917 election? What 2 acts did he introduce?

1. Military voters act

• women could vote for family members and Husbands at war

2. Women’s suffrage act

• Allowed certain women of Canada to vote permanently after Prime Minster Borden was re-elected into Perliment

List 4 items in the Treaty of Versailles.

1. Germany had to take full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause)

2. Germany had to pay for all the damages to France and England

3. Germany was stripped of her army with no tanks, air force, heavy guns, and an army of only 100 000 men with only surface ships

4. Germany lost all of her colonies a lot of territory (including the colonies in Africa, and the Alsace-Lorraine)

What empires came to an end and what new countries were formed?

Empires that came to an end:

• Austria-Hungary

• The Ottoman Empire

New countries:

• Yugoslavia

• Poland

• Lithuania

• Estonia

• Latvia

• Czechoslovakia

When did WW1 finally end?

• November 11, 1918 at 11:00 am

What happened in Winnipeg in 1919?

Winnipeg general strike:

Start: May 1, 1919

End: June 25, 1919

What?

• Workers went on strike due to the poor working conditions and wanting of unions

• Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council called for city wide strike to support striking workers

• 20 000 members and 94 unions were off the job

• workers did not get wat they hoped for

• Bloody Saturday: Injured people and death June 21, 1919

Significance:

• amount of employies are very importatnt

• regular person majority

• taught politicians to expand vote to regular person/cator to the regular person

• generate momentum for future work unions, conditions and laws

What was prohibition?

Who: Women’s Christian temperance group ( Women and religious groups)

What: The banning the production, selling, transporting and consumption of alcohol

where: Canada and the US

When:

• Canada 1918 to 1919

• US 1919 to 1933

Why: Believed it would

• lower crime rate

• decrease child and wife abuse

• men would spend their paychecks on their families instead of on booze

• Men would spend more time with their families

Provide 4 examples of how the 1920’s roared.

1. Some women called flappers broke social rules and hung out all night with men at clubs and dances to drink and smoke. The cut their hair short and wore provactive clothing and danced the Charleston

2. The most famous place to go out in NYC was the Cotton club - jazz hall. They operated during prohibition that included jazz music. Popular dances: Charleston, shimmy and Fox trout

3. It was the age of new inventions and the creation of the Assembly line by Ford which made making new appliances cheaper and faster. For example the Model T car (Tin Lizzy) New inventions allowed for easier home life mainly targeting women’s chores and let people have more time for leisure

4. Due to the new found leisure time from new inventions people have time for sport events like baseball, tennis, hockey, race sailing, and the Olympics. Famous athletes like Ethel Catherwood “Saskatoon lily” who was one of the first women to compete in high jump for Canada in the Olympics

What was the date of the stock market crash? What is buying stocks on margin?

Stock market crash date: October 29,1929 (Black Tuesday)

Buying on the margin:

• People borrowed money to buy stocks - the idea was that as soon as your stocks went up in value, you could sell them and pay back your loan and pocket the rest

List 3 causes of the Great Depression.

1. Over production and over expansion

• Profits were spent on expanding factories of building new ones

• supplies and products were produced and stockpiled

ex. Car companies

2. Dependence on primary products

• Canada relied on a few products called staples; wheat, fish, minerals and paper and pulp

• when world wide demand for these products dropped, many parts of Canada fell into deep economic trouble, especially the farmers in the prairies and the fishermen in the maritimes

ex. Bad weather with farmers

3. Dependence on the US

• the US was Canada’s biggest trading partner but when its economy started to decline they stopped buying

What happened in the Person’s Case?

• Accorded equal status of women under British North American Act

• Women were recognized as people and could vote in elections

• stepping stone for more feminist movement

• in 1928 Famous five were dismissed by the Surprime court so they went to the Privy council in Britain and over turned the rule in Oct 1929

Famous five people:

• Emily Murphy

• Nellie McClung

• Irene Parlby

Who was Agnes Macphail?

Who was the Prime Minister during the Depression?

R.B Bennett (1930 to 1935)

What initiatives did R.B. Bennett introduce?

1. The Relief Act:

• was supposed to help single men find work in the depression

• However it was too far away from civilization and was run by the department of defense which made the men feel and look like prisoners

2. New deal

• help stand up for minimum wage, health and unemployment insurance, and government relations of banking and trade, ect

3. Enforced Preferential tariffs on international goods but only slowed international trade

4. Gave his personal money and aid to people who sent him letters that they needed help

Why did the on to Ottawa trek and Regina riot occur?

• unemployed men had reached the end of the line and therefore organized a March to Ottawa to demand changes

• Changes include:

1. Wages

2. Adequate first aid at relief camps

3. elected committee of relief workers

4. Camps taken out of the Dept. of National Defense

5. Unemployment Insurance

6. Right to vote

• Trek began is Vancouver, British Columbia and was stopped in Regina, Saskatchewan by the government

• Regina Riots: The men left behind in Regina were not content with the results so they rioted

• Settlement reached: Men were given passage home in Canada with food. New wages at camps. Control of camps moved to Provincial Forestry Dept.

When did Canada declare war?

Sept. 10th, 1939

What is propaganda and is it effective?

Propaganda:

• A specific type of message presentation aimed at serving an agenda

Purpose:

• Justify their involvement to their own common people

• as a means of recruiting men 18-45 able bodied

• A way to raise money and resources for war (victory bonds + military campaign)

• to urgent conservation/rationing

• To encourage people to purchase patriotic funds

Types of Propaganda

1. Name calling: links a person, or idea, to a negative symbol

Ex. commie, fascist, yuppie

2. Card stacking: Manipulate audience perception of an issue by empathizing one side and repressing another

ex. food loaded with sugar permotes it is low in fat implying it is low calories

3. Band Wagon: makes the appeal that “everyone is doing it, and so should you”

ex. “everyone is rushing down to the Ford dealership”

4. Testimonial: a public figure or a celebrity promotes or endorses a product, policy or political candidate

ex. Athlete appears in Wheaties box

5. Plain folks: Approach to convince the audience that the person is from humble origins, someone they can trust and has their interests at heart

ex. ordinary father talking about war

6. Transfer: links the authority or prestige of something well respected and revered, like as a church or a nation, to something he would have us accept

ex. political activists close their speech with a prayer

7. Glittering Generality: vague, sweeping statements and slogans using virtue words the opposite if name calling ie, links a person, or idea to a positive symbol

ex. democracy, patriotism, family

Identify the steps leading to war, beginning with Germany rearming to the invasion of Poland.

1. Invasion of Poland

2. occupation of France

3. Battle of Dunkirk

4. Attack on Russia

Why the League of Nations was considered a failure?

• when Hitler went against some of the terms of the treaty, the league did nothing

• Italy and Japan invaded nations and league did nothing

examples:

• Germany re-armed, took over Austria, took the Rineland and invaded Czechoslovakia

• Italy invaded Ethiopia, League of nations did nothing

• Japan invaded Manchuria, the league did nothing

What was the policy of appeasement? Why can this be considered a cause of the war?

• This policy means giving in to Hitler letting him do what he wants in order to avoid war

specific answers:

• Munich pact: 1928: this agreement was between Germany, Britain and France

• This gave the Sudenland (a part of Czechoslovakia) to Germany (over 3 million German speakers)

• Hitler broke the part when he invaded and took all of Czechoslovakia

Anti-Semitism

• oppression against Jewish people dating back from the middle ages and was the leading cause of Holocaust

Holocaust

• means “ a sacrifice totally burned by fire”

• The annihilation of the Jews and other groups of people of Europe under the Nazi regime during WW2

Blitzkrieg

• Lightning warfare

• tactic used by the Germans

• Aircraft first which created panic and then tanks motorized infantry co-oridinaded by two-way radio

Lebensraum

Anschluss

• liberated by solviet troops jan 27, 1945

• found 836 255 women’s dresses, 348 000 men suits, 38 000 men’s shoes and 14 000 pounds of human hair 7,650 live prisoners

• 8,000 people gassed per day

• the largest death camp with 4 chambers

Genocide

• The systematic extermanation of a nationality or group

Nazi-Soviet Pact

• between Hitler and Stalin

• Hitler wanted to attack France and did not want to fight a war on 2 fronts

Mein Kampf

• My struggle

• the book that Hitler wrote in prison and is banned from being read

Enabling Act

• Hitler can rule alone for four years without consulting the Reichstag

• gave Hitler the power to make his own laws so he banned all other political parties

• political parties were put in concentration camps by SS

Nuremburg Trials.

Battle of britain

who: Britain RAF VS Germany (Luftaffle)

where: airfields near inland London

when: July to October 1940

Significance

• First battle on Britain soil in hundreds of years

• first failure of Hitler’s war machine

• Realized the allies were better equipped for the air war

Battle of dieppe

who: Canada, Britain and US VS Germany

where France beaches of Dieppe

when August 1942

Significance:

• Allies learned from their mistakes and were better prepared for D-day

Pearl Harbor

who: Japanese attack on US navy

where: Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii

when Dec 1941

Significance

• brought the US in war

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki get bombed with atomic bomb as a long term result

VE day

significance:

• Victory in Europe

• May 8, 1945

• first end

• Germans surrender after the D-Day battle

Liberation of Netherlands

significance:

• Canada liberates Netherlands

• fall 1944 ro spring 1948

• 7,600 canadians died

• Dutch send 10 000 tulips every year as a thank you to Ottawa

VJ day

significance

• Victory in Japan

• Aug 14, 1945

• happened after the bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Japan did not surrender after Germany did

Hiroshima

significance

• Aug 6, 1945

• Little boy

• killed 71 000

• injured 60 000

Nagasaki

significance

• Aug 9, 1945

• 35 000 died

• 60 000 injured

• Fat man

Explain how human rights were violated in Canada with regard to the Japanese and in Europe with regard to the Jews.

Japanese immigrants

• Treated badly because they were thought to be enemy alien spies after Pearl harbor and Hong Kong BC internment camps

• Belongings were confiscated and sold in auctions to pay for their stay at internment camps

• 1988, prime minister made an apology to Janpanise people giving back stolen citizenship, money ($21 000), $12 million for Japanese community well-being, and $24 million for CRRF

SS. Saint Louis

• The SS st. Louis proves Canada was racist during the depression because Canada only accepted fewer than 5000 Jewish immigrants

• Other countries accepted majority with the US accepting 200 000 and Britain accepting 70 000

• Quebec was especially racist because they opposed the idea of letting Jewish refugees into Canada threatening a National Unity risk

• After media started to cover the horrible concentration camps The Jewish had to go through Canadians felt ashamed and started to allow more immigration into Canada