IR- Liberalism & Constructivism

Interdependence

Mutual reliance between states, especially economic, where actions in one affect the other.

Reciprocity

A strategy of mutual exchange — cooperation is rewarded and defection punished.

Neoliberal Institutionalism

Theory that cooperation is possible under anarchy through institutions that foster rules and transparency.

International Regimes

Sets of norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge.

Collective Security

The principle that aggression against one state is aggression against all (e.g., UN).

Constructivism

Theory emphasizing the role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping international behavior.

Identity

How actors perceive themselves and others, influencing interests and behavior in international relations.

International Norms

Shared expectations about appropriate behavior among states.

Difference Feminism

Emphasizes inherent differences between men and women and values traditionally “feminine” traits in politics.

Liberal Feminism

Argues that gender inequality stems from legal and cultural barriers and seeks equal representation.

Gender Gap

The tendency for men and women to differ in political attitudes or policy priorities.