"The Western Heritage Since 1300, 12e AP Edition" Chapter 2 Flashcards
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What was Italy’s political structure during the Renaissance?
It was fragmented into independent city
Who often controlled Italian city
states?
How did Italy’s lack of central authority affect culture?
It fostered competition in art, architecture, and intellectual life.
Why was Florence called the cradle of the Renaissance?
It was dominated by the Medici family, who supported banking, commerce, and artistic patronage.
What role did civic pride play in Florence’s Renaissance?
It motivated investment in culture, making Florence a model of Renaissance ideals.
How did Venice’s maritime empire contribute to the Renaissance?
Its trade routes brought wealth and exposure to Eastern ideas, enriching art and architecture.
Which family ruled Milan and what was the city known for?
The Sforza family; Milan was known for fortified architecture, military power, and engineering advances.
How did the Papal States contribute to Renaissance culture?
Renaissance popes like Julius II commissioned art from Michelangelo and Raphael to glorify the Church.
What was the intellectual foundation of the Renaissance?
Humanism, a return to classical antiquity.
How did Renaissance humanists differ from medieval scholars?
They focused on ethics, civic responsibility, and history rather than theology.
Who is considered the father of humanism?
Petrarch.
What did Petrarch contribute to humanism?
He revived Latin literature by collecting and studying ancient manuscripts.
How did Petrarch encourage moral reflection?
Through personal reflection inspired by classical texts.
What did Leonardo Bruni promote?
Civic humanism, emphasizing that education should serve public life.
How did Bruni contribute to humanism?
He translated Greek works and wrote histories emphasizing active citizenship.
Who founded the Florentine Academy?
Marsilio Ficino.
What did Ficino do for humanist thought?
He translated Plato’s works and blended them with Christian spirituality.
What was studied at the Florentine Academy?
Plato and Neoplatonism, exploring the soul, dignity, and philosophy.
Who sponsored the Florentine Academy?
The Medici family.
Who was Christine de Pizan?
An early feminist thinker who defended women’s education.
What was Christine de Pizan’s most famous work?
The Book of the City of Ladies.
What argument did Christine de Pizan make?
That women were capable of virtue, wisdom, and leadership.
What subjects did Renaissance schools emphasize?
Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.
What was the goal of Renaissance education?
To cultivate well
What was the “Renaissance Man”?
An ideal celebrating versatility across art, science, philosophy, and politics.
Who is the archetype of the Renaissance Man?
Leonardo da Vinci.
How did da Vinci exemplify the Renaissance Man?
He excelled in anatomy, engineering, painting, and architecture.
Who was Albrecht Dürer?
A Northern Renaissance figure who combined classical aesthetics with humanist philosophy.
What did Dürer produce that reflected Renaissance ideals?
Self
What did thinkers like Pico della Mirandola argue about human dignity?
Humans have free will and can choose to rise to angelic heights or fall to brutish levels.
What was the critique of the Renaissance Man ideal?
It was an elite vision, rarely attainable for most people, especially women and marginalized groups.
How did Renaissance artists link art to science?
They studied anatomy, geometry, and optics to achieve realism and harmony.
What does Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man symbolize?
The mathematical proportion of the human body and its connection to the cosmos.
What is Michelangelo’s David an example of?
Muscular realism fused with spiritual intensity.
What did
You said:
as many as needed, im fine with surpassing 150 flash cards
ChatGPT said:
Perfect ✅ — thanks for clarifying! Since you want full coverage, I’ll turn this entire set of notes into a super
deck (likely ~180–200 flashcards). That way nothing slips through the cracks — all the city
I’ll keep the same Q — A with dashes, no blank lines format for Knowt. Here’s the full flashcard set:
Italian Renaissance: Political Landscape
What was Italy’s political structure during the Renaissance?
Fragmented into independent city
Who often controlled Renaissance city
states?
How did Italy’s political fragmentation affect culture?
It fostered intense competition in art, architecture, and intellectual life.
Why was Florence considered the cradle of the Renaissance?
Dominated by the Medici, it thrived in banking, commerce, and artistic patronage.
What did Florence’s civic pride encourage?
Investment in culture and promotion of Renaissance ideals.
How did Venice gain wealth and cultural influence?
Through its maritime empire and control of trade routes.
What did Venice’s trade bring to the Renaissance?
Eastern ideas that enriched art and architecture.
Who ruled Milan during the Renaissance?
The Sforza family.
What was Milan known for?
Military strength, fortified architecture, and engineering innovation.
How did the Papal States influence the Renaissance?
Popes commissioned art to reinforce religious and political authority.
Which pope commissioned Michelangelo and Raphael?
Julius II.
Humanism: Intellectual Transformation
What is humanism?
A movement emphasizing the study of classical antiquity.
How did Renaissance thinkers differ from medieval scholars?
They focused on ethics, civic responsibility, and history instead of theology.
Who is the father of humanism?
Petrarch.
What was Petrarch’s contribution?
Revived Latin literature by collecting and studying manuscripts.
How did Petrarch view the classics?
As sources of moral reflection and personal growth.
Who was Leonardo Bruni?
A humanist promoting civic humanism.
What is civic humanism?
Education serving public life and active citizenship.
What did Bruni translate?
Greek works into Latin.
What did Bruni write histories about?
The importance of active citizenship and civic responsibility.
Who was Marsilio Ficino?
Founder of the Florentine Academy.
What did Ficino translate?
Plato’s works into Latin.
What did Ficino’s philosophy blend?
Classical Platonic philosophy with Christian spirituality.
What was the Florentine Academy?
A Medici
Who was Christine de Pizan?
A female intellectual who defended women’s education.
What was Christine de Pizan’s major work?
The Book of the City of Ladies.
What did Christine argue?
Women were capable of wisdom, virtue, and leadership.
What was the studia humanitatis?
Renaissance liberal arts curriculum of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.
What was the goal of Renaissance education?
To produce well
The Renaissance Man
What was the Renaissance Man ideal?
A person excelling in multiple disciplines, embodying limitless human potential.
Who was the archetype Renaissance Man?
Leonardo da Vinci.
How did da Vinci embody the ideal?
He contributed to anatomy, engineering, painting, and architecture.
Who was Albrecht Dürer?
A Northern Renaissance artist and thinker.
What did Dürer’s work combine?
Classical aesthetics and humanist philosophy.
What did Dürer write treatises about?
Proportion and perspective.
What did Pico della Mirandola argue in Oration on the Dignity of Man?
That humans, through free will, could rise to angelic heights or fall to brutish levels.
What was the main critique of the Renaissance Man?
It was elitist, inaccessible to most people, especially women.
High Renaissance Art
What was Renaissance art a synthesis of?
Science and beauty.
How did artists achieve realism?
Studying anatomy, geometry, and optics.
What does Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man illustrate?
Mathematical proportions of the body and man’s link to the cosmos.
What does Michelangelo’s David represent?
Muscular realism and spiritual intensity.
What does the Sistine Chapel ceiling reflect?
The human form as a vessel of divine expression.
What did Raphael’s School of Athens depict?
Ancient philosophers in a Renaissance setting.
What did the School of Athens celebrate?
Intellectual harmony and classical learning.
How was art used politically?
Patrons like the Medici and popes used art to glorify power.