Microbiology - Chapter 8

Which of the following processes did NOT contribute to the development of genetic engineering?

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis

In the 20th century, scientists harnessed the natural metabolic reactions of bacteria to make ___ for the first time in an industrial setting

acetone

Which of the following items is NOT a part of the name of a restriction enzyme?

The Gram reaction of the source bacterium

The specific epithet of the source bacterium

Roman numerals to indicate its order of discovery

The strain of the source bacterium

The genus of the source bacterium

The Gram reaction of the source bacterium

The natural role of restriction enzymes in bacteria is 

to protect the cell from invading phages

A library of clones sequences representing the expressed genes of an organism is known as a(n)

cDNA library

Which of the following restriction enzyme sites would produce blunt-ended fragments (the arrow represents the cutting site of the enzyme)

CCC (arrow) GGG

Put the following steps in the correct order needed to produce a recombinant vector containing a human gene insert

1. Introduce the recombinant plasmid into a bacterial cell

2. Isolate the human gene and the vector DNA using restriction enzymes

3. Ligate the DNA fragments to produce a recombinant plasmid

4. Grow bacterial cells on a medium containing a selective agent (such as an antibiotic)

2, 3, 1, 4

Which of the following statements regarding vectors is FALSE?

Vectors are usually autonomously replicating DNA molecules

A useful vector contains multiple restriction sites for insertion of DNA

Vectors are generally over 100,000 base pairs in size

Cloning vectors frequently contain sequences necessary for expression of inserted sequences

Cloning vectors include a “marker” to facilitate identification of cells containing them

Vectors are generally over 100,000 base pairs in size

Synthetic nucleic acids are useful

as DNA probes, primers, and antisense RNAs

Which of the following would be an appropriate temperature for the first step of PCR?

94 degrees C

Which of the following is essential in PCR?

both DNA primers and DNA polymerase

If a researcher used Escherichia coli DNA polymerase instead of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase in the PCR procedure, what would be the result?

PCR would stop after one cycle

Which of the following would be an appropriate sequence of temperatures for PCR?

94, 65, 72 degrees C

If you started with a single DNA molecule, how many would you have at the end of six PCR cycles?

64

In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move toward the ___ electrode because they have an overall ___ charge

positive, negative

Which of the following procedures might be used to detect the presence of genetic sequences of a virus in a patient’s blood?

Southern blotting

A northern blot differs from a Southern blot in

the type of nucleic acid being isolated

Which of the following methods if inserting DNA into cells might be used on plant seeds?

injection

The DNA double helix can be separated into single strands using

both heat and NaOH

The sequencing and analysis of an organism’s genetic information is called

genomics

Which of the following devices is used for PCR?

a thermocycler

DNA fingerprinting can be used

for forensics and detection of unculturable organisms

The process of introducing animal organs into the human body is

xenotransplantation

Subunit vaccines are safer than tradition vaccines because

they are acellular and do not pose a risk for causing the disease

Which of the following recombinant tools is NOT used in DNA fingerprinting?

reverse transcription

Transgenic organisms

contain genes from other organisms

Which of the following microbes produces a protein that kills a variety of insect pests?

Bacillus thuringiensis

In vitro means

“within glassware”

If all the following DNA fragments were analyzed on an electrophoresis gel, which one would migrate farthest from the negative electrode?

5000 base pairs

750 base pairs

1000 base pairs

250 base pairs

2500 base pairs

250 base pairs

Protoplasts are associated with which of the following?

electroporation

An antigen is

a foreign substance that stimulates immunity

An effective tool for screening a large number of genetic sequences at once is known as

microarray

Which of the following is generally NOT considered an ethical issue regarding recombinant DNA technology?

answering basic research questions

The first complete gene map was that of

Haemophilus influenzae

Which of the following microbes has been genetically engineered to contain a protein that helps protect crops from freezing?

Pseudomonas

Synthesis of cDNA

Reverse transcriptase

Probes

Synthetic nucleic acids and radioactive chemicals

Cutting DNA molecules into fragments

Restriction enzymes

Microarray

Single-stranded DNA and silicon chips

PCR

DNA polymerase

Southern blotting

Nitrocellulose membranes

FISH

Synthetic DNAs and fluorescent tags

Injecting DNA into cells

Compressed air and gold beads

DNA electrophoresis

Agarose

Connecting DNA fragements

DNA ligase

Gene therapy for human genetic diseases has not been successful yet

False

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes a DNA molecule from an RNA template

True

Large DNA molecules such as chromosomes are easier to work with than small molecules

True

Circular DNA molecules are generally more stable inside cells than linear molecules

True

The number of DNA molecules produced during PCR increases exponentially

True

Sticky-end fragments generated by EcoRI will hydrogen bond to any other sticky-end sequence

False

Nitrocellulose membranes used in Southern blotting are more delicate than agarose gels

False

Southern blotting is a technique that can be used to identify microbes that cannot be cultured

True

DNA fingerprinting produces a unique banding pattern of DNA fragments for comparison with other DNA samples

True

A subunit vaccine is prepared by extensive manipulation of the genome of the pathogen

False