Transcription Biology 8.4

AJ likes Ben, but Robert likes AJ, but Ben likes Robert

DNA contains the information______

To build proteins

Proteins are needed for _______

Structure, function, and regulation of the body

Central Dogma?

States that information flows in one direction; DNA-RNA-Proteins

 Steps of Central Dogma?

DNA Replication

Transcription: Converts the DNA into a mRNA (message)

Translation: Interprets an RNA message into a string of amino acids, called a polypeptide, which makes up a protein.

RNA is?

A chain of nucleotides, each made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

In transcription RNA (Ribonucleic acid) acts as a __________

Middleman between DNA and protein synthesis.

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA has a ribose sugar.

RNA has uracil instead of thymine. ( A pairs with U)

RNA is a single-stranded structure. (This single stranded structure allows some types of RNA to form complex 3D shapes, and as a result, some RNA molecules can catalyze reactions much as enzymes do.)

* Additionally, DNA codes for proteins, while RNA makes proteins.

Where does transcription happen?

Nucleus

Transcription/Purpose

Copy a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA\*.

Transcription/Definition

Process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA.

The RNA strand will later be used ________

To make a certain protein.

DNA Polymerase/Definition

Enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule.

DNA Polymerase moves?

5’-3’ Direction

RNA polymerase also unwinds and unbinds the _____________

Double helix

*  RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to a new strand of ___________

RNA

Transcription produces three major types of RNA molecules?

Messenger RNA (mRNA): Intermediate message that is translated to form a protein.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): forms part of ribosomes, a cell’s protein factories.

Transfer RNA (tRNA): Brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein.

Steps in transcription?

INITIATION

ELONGATION

TERMINATION

A TATAA box is a _____

DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded. It is a type of promoter sequence, which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins. 

Elongation?

Using the DNA strand as a template the RNA polymerase makes a complementary strand of RNA.

__Elongation__ is the stage when the RNA strand gets longer, thanks to the addition of new nucleotides.

Termination?

After a gene has been transcribed, RNA polymerase will encounter a __terminator sequence__ and the RNA strand will be released. 

End result?

mRNA

Before the mRNA can leave the nucleus and be used it needs to be edited (__mRNA splicing__).