Early Middle Ages Test

Philip II of France

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He attempted the third crusade, but went home to France with an illness

Hugh the Iron and William the Pig

Led the children to slavery

William I

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He was victorious at Hastings

Pope Innocent III

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It was his papacy during the "Scandal Crusade" and he had conflicts with John I

Pope Urban II

He spoke at Clermont and called for a Crusade

Henry IV of HRE

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He fought the Pope over power which led to a public apology

Pope Leo III

He crowned Charlemagne as HRE of the West

Saladin

Great Muslim leader of the Third Crusade

Harold II

He became king in 1066, then lost his life and crown

Charles Martel

He led the Franks to victory at Tours

Pope Gregory VII

He fought with the HRE over the appointment of clergy

St. Benedict

He established the first monastery in Europe

Louis VII

He led the Second Crusade but failed to recapture Christian lands

Eleanor of Aquitaine 

Attended the Second Crusade and was the spouse to two kings

Charlamagne

He was the first to be crowned HRE of the West

Edward the Confessor

His death led to the French invasion of England

Richard I

This English king signed a treaty of three years with the Muslims

Frederick I of Barbarossa

He lost his life when he drowned on his way to Jerusalem during the Crusade

Clovis

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He was the first of the Franks to begin to unite the tribes in the years after the fall of Rome

1066

Battle of Hastings

732

Battle of Tours

1096

First Crusade

1212

Children's Crusade

1215

Magna Carta signed

800

Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor

843

Treaty of Verdun

1187

Muslims regain control of jerusalem

1170

Thomas Becket murdered

1202

Scandal Crusade (4th)

Crusade

holy war + a fight for a cause

absolute monarchy

A government in which the king or queen has absolute power.

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Abbot

Head of a monastery

abbess

n. The lady superior of a nunnery.

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

Papal States

A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation - British in this case

hostelry

an inn

Saracens

Another name for Muslims

Mayor of the Palace

The person who performed all the official duties of the kingdom

Vassal

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

Common Law

a set of laws made by the courts which provide a series of consistent rules that later courts must follow

fallow

inactive; unproductive

infidel

one who does not accept a particular faith; unbeliever

lay investiture

A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials

consanguinity

blood relationship

duress

pressure, force

cloister

a tranquil, secluded place

chapter house

a building next to a church used for meetings

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Fief

An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty

Scorch Earth Policy

a military strategy of burning or destroying buildings, crops, or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force.

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Excommunicate

cast out from the church

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

interdict

in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom, to forbid/prohibit

self-sufficient

able to provide there own needs

refectory

a room used for communal meals, especially in an educational or religious institution.

Secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

John I

He signed the Magna Carta under pressure from the nobles.

Harald Hardrada

He was the Viking king who attacked England in 1066.

Nicholas and Stephen

Led children to recapture Jerusalem.

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe

tonsure

a monk that shaves his head to symbolize the crown of thorns

moneychangers

people who sat on benches in port cities to trade currencies

indulgences

given out be pope, lessens time people spend in purgatory

moors

muslims who lived in Spain

depose

to remove from office

monastery

where monks lived

castle

a fort for protection

manor

the lord’s estate

scriptorium

room where monks copied books

bishop

the second highest ranking clergy

confessor

someone of deep faith who was tortured and punished but lives

martyr

a person of faith who was tortured and punished but dies

heresy

anything that goes against the church

priest

sacrament of Holy orders and can celebrate mass

monk

joins a religious order and is usually confined

friar

focus of poverty

nun

live a life of prayer and service

convent

where the nuns live

diocese

the grouping of parishes supervised by a bishop

suffrage

women’s right to vote

abbey

supervised by an abbot