Chemistry flashcards - reaction pathways

substitution of alkanes and halogens

(in the presence of UV light and/or heat) saturated hydrocarbon (alkanes) + halogens = haloalkane

Substitution of primary haloalkanes and an alkali

(In the presence of NaOH and heath) primary haloalkane + alkali = alcohol

Substitution of primary haloalkanes and ammonia

(in ethanol) Primary haloalkane + ammonia = primary amine

substitution of primary haloalkanes and water

haloalkane + water = alcohol + hydrogen halide

substitution of primary alcohols and ammonia

(using alumina catalyst and heat) primary alcohol + ammonia = primary amine + water

Process of addition between alkenes and other molecules

carbon to carbon double bonds are broken to allow the molecule to add other atoms or groups, creating one product from 2 or more reactants

Hydrogenation

(using nickel as a catalyst) alkene + hydrogen (H2) = alkane

Halogenation

alkene + halogen = dihaloalkane

Hydration

(with conc phosphoric acid catalyst and heat and high pressure) alkene + water vapour = alcohol

Polymerisation

alkene monomer + alkene monomer = alkane polymer

Hydrolosis

water is a reactant and is used to break bonds in a molecule to produce new compounds

Hydrolosis of an ester

(with excess H+, heat, and dilute H2SO4) ester + water = acid + alcohol

Esterification (a condensation reaction)

(with conc. sulfuric acid catalyst) carboxylic acid + alcohol = water + ester

primary alcohol to carboxylic acid (oxidation reaction)

alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid (with either MnO4 or Cr2O72- and H+)

To get the aldehyde not the carboxylic acid:

limit the amount of heat

limit the oxidising agent

remove the aldehyde as its produced via distillation

amino acids

the monomers of proteins (amino group + carboxyl group + alpha carbon + side chain)

monosaccharides

building blocks of starch

glycosidic/ether link

link that forms between two sugar rings