Chapter 9- Joints, Types, and Movements

Synarthrosis

Little to no movement

examples of synarthrosis

Sutures between skull and bones; teeth sockets

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

examples of amphiarthrosis

intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis

examples of amphiarthrosis

distal tibiofibular joint and joint between the manubrium and the sternum

diarthrosis

freely movable

examples of diarthrosis

all synovial joints

functionally classified joints

based on the amount of movement the joint allows

Functional joints examples

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

structurally classified joints

1. based on the connective tissue type

2. presence or absence of space between articulating bones

structural joint examples

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous joints

held together with fibers.

fibrous joint examples

1. skull joints

2. teeth sockets

3. distal joint between tibia and fibula

cartilaginous joint

held together with cartilage.

cartilaginous joints examples

1. intervertebral joints

2. pubic symphysis

3. joint between manubrium and body of sternum

synovial joint

1. have a synovial cavity between bones.

2. dense fibrous connective tissue on exterior that holds bones together.

synovial joints examples

shoulder, knee, elbow, hips

types of synovial joint movements

1. gliding

2. angular movements

3. rotation

4. special movements

gliding movements

flat bone surfaces move side to side and back and forth.

gliding examples

limited range; intercarpal joints

angular movements

increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones

types of angular movements

1. flexion

2. extension

3. hyperextension

4. abduction

5. adduction

6. circumduction

flexion

a decrease in the angle

extension

an increase in the angle

hyperextension

continuation of extension beyond normal anatomical position

abduction

movement away from midline

adduction

movement toward the midline

circumduction

movement of a body part in a circle

rotation joints

a bone revolving around its own longitudinal axis; medial and lateral

rotational joints examples

shaking your head no

special movements examples

1. elevation

2. depression

3. protraction

4. retraction

elevation

an upward movement of a body part

elevation example

closing the mouth

depression

downward movement of a body part

protraction

movement of a body part anteriorly

retraction

movement of a body part posteriorly

depression example

opening the mouth

protraction example

pushing the mandible out

retraction example

pushing the mandible in

inversion

movement of the inside of the foot medially

eversion

movement outside of the foot laterally

dorsiflexion

bending the foot at the ankle upwards, toes up

plantar flexion

bending the ankle downwards at the foot; toes down

supination

palm facing up anteriorly

pronation

palm facing down or posterior.

types of synovial joints

1. plane/gliding joint

2. hinge joint

3. pivot joint

4. condylar joint

5. saddle joint

6. ball-and-socket joint

plane/gliding joint

flat and slightly curved; back and forth & side to side movements

hinge joint

convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another

pivot joint

rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring structure formed by another bone and ligament; allows rotation around rotational axis

condylar joint

convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into oval-shaped depression of another bone; allows movement around two axes

saddle joint

articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, range of motion around all 3 axis

ball-and-socket joint

ball surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another bone; allows most movement like the shoulder