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War Powers Act (1941)
An act that gave Roosevelt unprecedented control over all aspects of the war.
Korematsu v. US
Upheld the government's internment policies as justified in wartime.
Servicemen's Readjustment Act
Provided education, job training, medical care, pensions, and mortgage loans for those who had served during the war.
Harry Truman
Became Roosevelt's vice president when Harry Wallace was considered too radical and unmanageable, then president when Roosevelt died.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Served as a general.
Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922)
A conference in Belgium initiated by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes focused on stabilizing the size of the US navy, naval disarmament, and more.
Five Power Treaty (made at Washington Naval Conference)
Nations with the largest navies agreed to maintain the following ratio of largest warships: US 5; GB 5; Japan 3; France 1.67; Italy 1.67.
Four Power Treaty (made at Washington Naval Conference)
The US, France, GB, and Japan agreed to respect another's territory in the Pacific.
Nine Power Treaty (made at Washington Naval Conference)
All nations in attendance agreed to the Open Door policy.
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Pact between the US and France that renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends.
Good Neighbor Policy
Roosevelt's promise toward other nations of the western hemisphere, avoiding intervention in Latin American affairs.
Neutrality Acts
Signed by Roosevelt with some reluctance to limit US involvement in foreign conflicts.
Neutrality Act of 1935
Authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and stated that US citizens traveling on ships of belligerent nations did so at their own risk.
Neutrality Act of 1936
Forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents.
Neutrality Act of 1937
Forbade the shipment of arms to opposing sides in the Civil War in Spain.
Lend-Lease Act (1941)
Allowed the US to lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of arms and other equipment to any country whose defense was considered vital to the security of the United States.
Cash and Carry Policy
Allowed nations to purchase nonmilitary goods from the USA if they paid cash and carried them home themselves.
Destroyers for Bases Deal
Deal with Great Britain that transferred old, but usable American destroyers to the British Navy in exchange for leases for British naval and air bases.
Stimson Doctrine
Declared that the US would honor the Nine Power Treaty by refusing to recognize the legitimacy of any regime that had been established by force.
America First Committee
Committee formed by Charles Lindbergh to mobilize American public opinion against the war as a result of Roosevelt's pro-British policies.
Atlantic Charter (1941)
Joint resolution by FDR and Winston Churchill that provided a broad statement of US and British war aims.
Selective Service Act
Provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 and for the training of 1.2 million military troops in one year.
Quarantine Speech
Tested public opinion by speaking about punishing Japanese aggression in China, suggesting that aggressors should be 'quarantined' by the international community.
4 Freedoms Speech (1941)
FDR's speech to Congress that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of US war materials, justifying it by saying that the US must help other nations protect the four freedoms: freedom of speech, religion, from want, and from fear.
FDR
President during first half of WW2.
Hull
Secretary of State during WW2.
Lindbergh
Formed the America First Committee - famous celebrity during the 1920s.
Stimson
Secretary of war under FDR and Truman.
Churchill
British prime minister.
Tojo
Prime minister of Japan during WW2.
Stalin
Leader of the USSR.
Hitler
Leader of Germany.
War Production Board
Established 1942 to manage war industries.
Office of Price Administration
Federal agency that regulated almost every aspect of civilians' lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents, and by rationing products like meat, sugar, gasoline, and tires to fight wartime inflation.
Office of War Mobilization
Set production priorities and controlled raw materials.
Smith Connally Act (1943)
Empowered the government to take over war related businesses whose operations were threatened by a strike.
Revenue Act (1942)
Expanded the number of people paying income taxes from 3.9 million to 42.6 million.
Manhattan Project
Produced the first atomic weapons, run by the Office of Research and Development.
Bracero Program
A 1942 agreement with Mexico allowed Mexican farmworkers (braceros) to enter the United States without formal immigration procedures.
Executive Order 8802
Prohibiting discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin.
Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S.)
Coordinated espionage activities of the US armed forces.
Rationing
The controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services.
War Bonds
Funded the war by borrowing from people through their sale.
Victory Gardens
Gardens that produced over 40% of the nation's vegetables.
Rosie the Riveter
A song that encouraged women to take defense jobs.
Women's Army Corps
Women's branch of the US army.
Tuskegee Airmen
First African American military pilots.
Double-V Campaign
Civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt this slogan - victory over fascism abroad and victory of equality at home.
Executive Order 9066
Gave the War Department the authority to evacuate Japanese Americans from the West Coast and intern them in relocation camps for the rest of the war.
Japanese American Internment
More than 100k Japanese Americans were forced to move to internment camps.
Zoot Suit Riots
Riots in Los Angeles due to the influx of Mexican immigrants into Los Angeles due to the Braceros program.
Sun Belt Growth
After World War 2, this part of the US grew due to people seeking warmer climates, new economic opportunities tied to military bases, and a lower cost of living.
G.I. Bill
Provided WW2 veterans with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.
Midway (1942)
Intercepting and decoding Japanese messages enabled US forces to destroy four Japanese carriers and 300 planes, which ended Japanese expansion.
Doolittle Raid (1943)
Air raid on Tokyo.
Stalingrad (1942-1943)
Turning point in the war - the Soviets halted the German advance at the Battle of Stalingrad.
Op. Torch (1942)
Allied invasion of French North Africa during World War II.
D-Day
British, Canadian, and US forces under the command of general Dwight D. Eisenhower secured several beachheads on the Normandy coast, then moved rapidly to recapture Paris, eventually moving toward Berlin.
Battle of the Bulge
A desperate counterattack by the Germans in Belgium as Allied troops crossed the German border for a final push toward Berlin.
Island Hopping Strategy
A strategy used by the US where they seized strategic, less fortified islands in order to attack other well-protected Japanese islands.
Iwo Jima
A Japanese island that was a costly victory for the Americans.
Okinawa
The battle for this island was very difficult for the US. Kamikazes inflicted major damage here and US forces took 50k casualties to capture this island.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
An atomic bomb was dropped onto these Japanese cities in 1945 by the United States, causing about 250k Japanese to die.
Total war
When nations are willing to make any sacrifice to win a war.
Blitzkrieg
Lightning war - Germany's idea to use overwhelming air power and tanks to capture Poland very quickly.
Kamikaze
Japanese suicide bombers that made suicide attacks on US ships.
Unconditional surrender
At a conference between Roosevelt and Churchill, they agreed on a grand strategy to win the war, including to invade Italy and to demand this from Axis powers.
Bataan Death March
March of American and Filipino prisoners of war in Japan - very brutal.
442nd Combat Team
Highly decorated unit of the US army made primarily up of Japanese American soldiers.
Code talkers/navajo
Navajo language was used as a code language - never decoded by axis powers.
Operation Barbarossa
Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War 2. It was the largest military invasion in history.
V.E. Day
May 8th, 1945 - marked the official surrender of Nazi Germany and the end of World War 2 in Europe.
V.J. Day
August 15th and September 2nd, 1945 - marked the official surrender of Japan, bringing WW2 to a complete end.
U.N.
Peacekeeping organization founded near the end of World War II. Delegates from 50 nations assembled in San Francisco in 1945, where they drafted a charter for this organization.
Yalta Conference
1945 conference between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. They decided to divide Germany into occupation zones and that the Soviets would enter the war against Japan.
Potsdam Conference
Meeting between Stalin, Truman, and Clement Attlee in Potsdam, Germany and agreed to demand that Japan surrender unconditionally.
Marshall Plan
A plan to help Europe recover after WW2. It gave money to Western Europe and allowed them to achieve self-sustaining growth by the 1950s.
Truman Doctrine
Foreign policy that stated that the US would assist 'free people' against totalitarian regimes.
Containment Policy
Truman's plan to prevent Soviet expansion without starting a war.
Berlin Airlift
When the Soviets cut off land access to Berlin, Truman ordered US planes to fly in supplies.
NATO
Military alliance for defending all members from outside attack.
Berlin Airlift
Nuremberg Trials
A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.
Occupation of Japan
Occupied by US forces under the command of General MacArthur, Japan was forced to allow American troops to take control of the government after Japan surrendered to the United States.
