Cell Bio Exam 1

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Auburn BIOL 4100

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48 Terms

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Living cells

These vary in appearance and function, but have the same basic chemistry.

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Self replicating

Living cells are ____, meaning that they can reproduce without another organism.

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True

T or F: Living cells have evolved from the same ancestral being.

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Central Dogma

DNA —> RNA —> Protein. This principle explains the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

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Light Microscope

The invention of this technology led to the discovery of cells

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Electron microscopy

This reveals the fine structure of a cell

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Prokaryotes

These cells are the most diverse and numerous cells on earth

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bacteria and archaea

These are the two domains of prokaryotic cells

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Eukaryotic

This type of cell contains organelles and a nucleus

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Mitochondria

This organelle generates usable energy from food molecules

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Chloroplast

This organelle captures energy from sunlight

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Cytoskeleton

This part of a eukaryotic cell is responsible for directing cell movements

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Endosymbiosis

is a theory that explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells, leading to a symbiotic relationship.

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membranes

Internal ___ create intracellular compartments with different functions

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Plasma membrane

Eukaryotic cells engage in continued endo and exocytosis across this organelle, which separates the internal environment of the cell from the external.

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Endocytosis

The importation of extracellular materials across the plasma membrane

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Exocytosis

The secretion of intracellular materials across the plasma membrane

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Endosomes

These organelles are where imported material first goes once across the plasma membrane

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Cytosol

Concentrated aqueous gel composed of RNAs, proteins, and ribosomes

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Cytoskeleton

a network of protein filaments (microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments) that can be seen crisscrossing the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

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E. Coli

Molecular biologists have focused on this as a model organism because it is easy and quick to grow, can grow with or without oxygen, and is easy to manipulate.

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Brewer’s Yeast

this is a eukaryotic model organism, specifically for studying the cell cycle and secretion

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Model animals

Flies, worms, fish, and mice are examples of…

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C. elegans

This was the first multicellular organism to have it’s complete genome sequenced

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zebrafish

This organism is a common model for studies of vertebrate development

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Arabidopsis

a model plant chosen for its short generation time and ability to self-fertilize

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Covalent

These bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons and are strong enough to survive inside the cell

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Ionic

These bonds are formed by the gain or loss of electrons

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Hydrogen

These bonds are between hydrogen and N, O, or F.

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van der Waals

These bonds are quite common in organisms but are very weak. They maintain membrane fluidity

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nucleus

This dense, positively charged component contains nearly all the atom’s mass. Made of protons and neutrons

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electrons

these are light, negatively charged components that surround the nucleus

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Neutrons

in isotopes, the number of ___ changes.

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Covalent

amino acids and proteins are held together by these types of bonds

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hydrogen

These type of bonds are formed between nitrogenous bases in DNA strands. They also hold beta sheets and alpha helices together.

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Double bonds

these form the kinks in fatty acid chains and lower the melting point

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glycosidic

This type of covalent bond forms between two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide

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codensation

this type of reaction joins two molecules as a result of the loss of a water molecule. This requires an INPUT of energy

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Hydrolysis

This reaction separates molecules by adding water. It RELEASES energy

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phospholipids

this amphipathic bilayer forms the cell membrane

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hydrophilic

the ___ heads of phospholipids are on the outside of the membrane, forming the external wall

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hydrophobic

the ___ tails of the phospholipids are on the inside

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phosphoglycerides

one hydroxyl group of the glycerol is esterified to phosphate while the other two are normally esterified to fatty acids

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ester

phospholipid bilayer is formed by fatty acids linked to glycerol-3-phosphate via ___ bonds

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archaea

these organisms have the most extreme variation in phospholipid side chain structures

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peptide

amino acids are held together by ___ bonds

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phosphodiester

DNA chain is formed by linking nucleotides with ___ bonds

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ATP cycle

ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. It releases energy when hydrolyzed back to ADP