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Auburn BIOL 4100
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Living cells
These vary in appearance and function, but have the same basic chemistry.
Self replicating
Living cells are ____, meaning that they can reproduce without another organism.
True
T or F: Living cells have evolved from the same ancestral being.
Central Dogma
DNA —> RNA —> Protein. This principle explains the flow of genetic information within a biological system.
Light Microscope
The invention of this technology led to the discovery of cells
Electron microscopy
This reveals the fine structure of a cell
Prokaryotes
These cells are the most diverse and numerous cells on earth
bacteria and archaea
These are the two domains of prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic
This type of cell contains organelles and a nucleus
Mitochondria
This organelle generates usable energy from food molecules
Chloroplast
This organelle captures energy from sunlight
Cytoskeleton
This part of a eukaryotic cell is responsible for directing cell movements
Endosymbiosis
is a theory that explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells, leading to a symbiotic relationship.
membranes
Internal ___ create intracellular compartments with different functions
Plasma membrane
Eukaryotic cells engage in continued endo and exocytosis across this organelle, which separates the internal environment of the cell from the external.
Endocytosis
The importation of extracellular materials across the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
The secretion of intracellular materials across the plasma membrane
Endosomes
These organelles are where imported material first goes once across the plasma membrane
Cytosol
Concentrated aqueous gel composed of RNAs, proteins, and ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
a network of protein filaments (microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments) that can be seen crisscrossing the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
E. Coli
Molecular biologists have focused on this as a model organism because it is easy and quick to grow, can grow with or without oxygen, and is easy to manipulate.
Brewer’s Yeast
this is a eukaryotic model organism, specifically for studying the cell cycle and secretion
Model animals
Flies, worms, fish, and mice are examples of…
C. elegans
This was the first multicellular organism to have it’s complete genome sequenced
zebrafish
This organism is a common model for studies of vertebrate development
Arabidopsis
a model plant chosen for its short generation time and ability to self-fertilize
Covalent
These bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons and are strong enough to survive inside the cell
Ionic
These bonds are formed by the gain or loss of electrons
Hydrogen
These bonds are between hydrogen and N, O, or F.
van der Waals
These bonds are quite common in organisms but are very weak. They maintain membrane fluidity
nucleus
This dense, positively charged component contains nearly all the atom’s mass. Made of protons and neutrons
electrons
these are light, negatively charged components that surround the nucleus
Neutrons
in isotopes, the number of ___ changes.
Covalent
amino acids and proteins are held together by these types of bonds
hydrogen
These type of bonds are formed between nitrogenous bases in DNA strands. They also hold beta sheets and alpha helices together.
Double bonds
these form the kinks in fatty acid chains and lower the melting point
glycosidic
This type of covalent bond forms between two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide
codensation
this type of reaction joins two molecules as a result of the loss of a water molecule. This requires an INPUT of energy
Hydrolysis
This reaction separates molecules by adding water. It RELEASES energy
phospholipids
this amphipathic bilayer forms the cell membrane
hydrophilic
the ___ heads of phospholipids are on the outside of the membrane, forming the external wall
hydrophobic
the ___ tails of the phospholipids are on the inside
phosphoglycerides
one hydroxyl group of the glycerol is esterified to phosphate while the other two are normally esterified to fatty acids
ester
phospholipid bilayer is formed by fatty acids linked to glycerol-3-phosphate via ___ bonds
archaea
these organisms have the most extreme variation in phospholipid side chain structures
peptide
amino acids are held together by ___ bonds
phosphodiester
DNA chain is formed by linking nucleotides with ___ bonds
ATP cycle
ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. It releases energy when hydrolyzed back to ADP