Biology 1 EOC Review

Covalent bonds

When atoms share at least one pair of electrons to fulfill octet rule

Octet rule

Atom needs 8 valence electrons to be stable

Ionic bonds

When one atom takes a valence electron from another atom so both atoms may fulfill the octet rule

Valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost shell of an atom

Hydrogen bond properties

Easily made, easily broken, strength in numbers, forms bond between two water molecules, all water properties rely on these bonds

List the water properties

specific high heat capacity, high boiling point, density and expansion, cohesion, adhesion, and universal solvent

True or False: Ice is less dense than water

True

Why is water being the universal solvent important to humans?

The water in blood dissolves the nutrients needed from our food.

Cohesion

Water molecules are attracted to each other because they are polar

Polar molecules

Have both positive and negative charge

Surface tension is a result of…

cohesion

Adhesion

when water molecules bond to polar molecules or ionic compunds

Organic molecules

contain carbon and hydrogen

True or False: Carbon can form up to two covalent bonds with different atoms

False, carbon can form up to 4 which allows it to creat a variety of substances

Catabolism

Chemical reaction that breaks complex organic molecules into simple ones

Hydrolysis

Using water to break down complex molecules

Dehyration synthesis/Condensation reaction

Taking away water to make a molecule more complex

How is a polymer made?

Through dehydration synthesis

Carbohydrate elements

C H2 O

Monosaccharide examples

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Carbohydrate purpose

Short term energy storage

All sugars names end with…

ose

Disaccharide examples (and what monomers they are made of)

Sucrose (fructose and glucose), lactose(galactose and glucose), and maltose (glucose and glucose)

Polysaccharide examples (where are they found and are they made of alpha or beta glucose)

Starch (in plants; alpha), glycogen (in animals; alpha), chitin (in exoskeletons; beta), peptidoglycan (in bacterial cell walls; beta) and cellulose (in cell walls; beta).

Alpha vs Beta glucose

Alpha = stored short term energy; Beta = structural component

Protein elements

C H O N (S)

Protein monomer

Amino acid

Amino acid components

Amine group, carboxyl group, and r group (this group decides what type of protein it is)

Polypeptide examples (and their purposes)

Collagen (structural support), hemoglobin (oxygen transport for cell respiration), enzymes (increase chemical reactions), insulin (regulates blood sugar), cell receptors (receive chemical signals) and antibodies (improves immunity).

Substrate specificity

Active site of each enzyme is specific to one substrate

Induced fit

When substrate binds to the enzyme, the enzyme always conforms

As enzymes increase the rate of reaction, activation energy…

increases

All enzymes end with...

ase

Factors that affect structure of proteins

Temperature, pH, salinity, and DNA mutations

Lipid elements

C H O (P)

Saturated fatty acid (and examples)

Full of hydrogen atoms, no double bonds, hydro-carbon chain, carboxyl group, typically solid at room temperature, typically come from animals(e.g., butter, ghee)

Unsaturated fatty acid (and examples)

Contains one or more double bonds, has fewer hydrogen atoms, typically liquid at room temperature, typically come from plants (e.g., olive oil, fish oil)

Lipids purpose

Long term energy storage

Triglyceride

A type of lipid made up of three fatty acids and glycerol, serving as a major form of energy storage in the body.

Ester bond

Bonds lipid to a glycerol group

Steroids

Have a backbone of 4 carbon rings

Nucleic acid elements

C H O N P

Nucleotide parts

Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous bases

DNA nitrogenous bases

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

RNA nitrogenous bases

adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

DNA

Stores genetic information

RNA

Carries instructions to form proteins

Saturation of an enzyme

When all of the enzyme’s active sites are occupied with a substrate

Nucleus

Contains genetic info, controls cell

Cytoplasm

Site of most cellular activity: organelles here

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Aids in protein synthesis and transporting proteins in vesicles once they are made

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Aids in synthesis and transport of lipids

Mitochondria

Produces ATPs through cellular respiration

Golgi apparatus

Modify, package, and ship molecules made by the cell

Cell membrane

Surrounds the cell; selectively permeable

Micro-tubules

Provides cell shape and support; involved in cell division and intracellular transport.

Micro-fillaments

Provide cell movement

Flagellum

Locomotion of the cell (only in animals)

Cell wall

Provides rigid structure (only in plants)

Central vacuole

Storage structure for water (only in plants)

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis (only in plants)

Centriole (plural: centrosomes)

Form spindle fibers during cell division (only in animals)

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes (only in animals)

Cilia

Hair-like structures that aid in movement of substances (only in animals)

Parts of prokaryotic cell

Includes cell membrane, cytoplasm, 70s ribosomes, and a nucleoid (naked DNA).