SOC 100 Unit 2 exam - people/vocab

Perfectibility

Fundamental belief that human beings and society possess an inherent capacity for continuous improvement and progress towards perfection

Year History emerged

1810-1830

Year Economics emerged

1825-1870

Year Anthropology emerged

1840-1875

Year Psychology emerged

1875-1900

Year sociology emerged

1880-1920
newest to emerge

Henri de Saint Simon

1760-1825
Founder of French Sociology

Society progresses when we come together

3 stages
(1) Polytheism

• slavery

(2) Theism

• feudalism

(3) Positivism

• industrialism

Auguste Comte 

1798-1857

French 

Evolution of world views & societies: 

(1) Theological 

(2) Metaphysical 

(3) Scientific/positive

Called sociology the Queen of Sciences 

Theological

World is controlled by supernatural/divine figures

Metaphysical

Karma, luck, fate

Scientific/positive

Believe that the world is controlled by scientific forces

Positivism

Positivism

Believed in rationality (using science to understand the world)

Harriet Martineau

1802-1876

English with french origins

Woman 

Developed methods of empirical social research 

• How to do sociology

Translated Comte 

Wide ranging interests

“Dress and Its Victims” 

Karl Marx

1818-1883

Historical Materialism

Touchstone for all subsequent sociological work

Thought material/economic states changed society

Marx believed in commodification of labor

Expert in capitalism (not communism)

Historical Materialism

The basis of social change is conflict about production

Materialism drives history forward (industrialization/economic realities)

Commodify

To make anything is to make it for the product to be sold (can be things/labor) 

• Marx did not like this because the product no longer reflects the person making it

• Commodification of labor

Urbanization

People come to cities for work in factories

Max Weber

1864-1920

Upper middle class German

Internalized conflict with his parents (unhappy)

Married Marianne (writer)

Successful academic career (professor)

Rich

Got Depression

• did not believe in studying society/humans like they were chemicals

Difference between Marx and Weber

Marx: Material conflicts drive change in ideas

Weber: ideas and material conflicts can drive change

Material conflict

Conflict over the material means of life drive social and historical change

Example: Gender pay gap

Worldly Asceticism

doing things on earth but with a focus on heaven

Asceticism: rejection of materials in a materialistic world

Protestant Ethic

Developed by Weber

Calvinist Protestants worked as a duty to God to prove they were the chosen one

Three types of conflict according to Weber

(1) Class

• Those with the same possession of goods/opportunity to make money

• Capitalists, Property owners, patent owners, laborers

(2) Status

• group whose members share a characteristic or lifestyle that is dis/honored in society

(3) Party

• self-selected group that seeks to influence a particular social issue/action

David Emile Durkheim

1858-1917

Hoped sociology would make France function better as a whole

Son died from cancer (Andre)

One of three sociologists whose kid died (Marx, Durkheim, Cooley)

Totemism

Belief system where a group of individuals have a symbolic, spiritual relation with a natural entity which is sacred to them

Collective Effervescence

When people are together in a religious way and feel bubbly that makes peolpe feel bigger than themselves

Mechanical Unity

unity due to homogeneity of the social group

Gears

Organic

Modern society is where each individual functions to contribute to an overall solidarity like an organ

Charles Horton Cooley

1864-1929

Umich Law school was named after his father

Wrote the Looking Glass Self

First person to teach sociology in Umich

George Herbert Mead

1863-1931

Taught at Umich then Chicago

Based sociology off of his religious background

Only published articles, never a book

Influence Cooley and Dewey

Herber Blumer

1900-1987

People act toward things based on meaning those things have for them

Emphasis on the AGENCY (individuals)

Emphasis on construction vs. essentialism

Construction vs. essentialsim

Things that are deemed as essential in society are created by humans

Madison Grant

1865-1937

Part of the Eugenics Movement

Wrote the passing of the Great Race (1916)

Wanted to purify America through selective breeding

Marcus Garvey

1887-1940

From Jamaica

Black Nationalist

Founder of United Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

Back to Africa movement

Booker T. Washington

1865-1915

Popular African American Spokesperson

Labeled and “accommodator” for cooperating with white people

Raised money for Black education

Up from Slavery autobiography

WEB Du Bois

1868-1963

Sheltered from racism in America

Got a high education 

Harvard’s 1st African American PhD

Taught at Wilberforce and Penn

Wrote the Philadelphia Negro, The Souls of Black Folk

Founded NAACP

Color line

socially constructed black/white division that is collective/individual, historical/existential, conscious/irrational

Veil

sense of being shut out from other races experiences

Double Consciousness

the feeling of having two warring souls within one body

Robert Park

believed in the melting pot

• prior patterns in less dominant races will be forgotten and mostly white culture will be favored

E. Franklin Frazier

Wrote the Negro Family in the United States

• looked at African Americans on their own (still white centric)

Molefi Kete Asante

Afrocentrism: looking at things through the African lens

Sara Willie-LeBreton

Black Opera singer at UMich who believed in Goffman’s Dramaturgy

Ellis Monk

Colorism: idea that people aren’t just discriminating on race but types of skin color/shades

High education: Michigan-Berkley-Chicago

Dress and Its Victims

Women’s clothing wasn’t made for women, but for the appeal of men and it was KILLING WOMAN

Charlotte Perkins Gillman 

1860 - 1935

Very theoretical upper class white woman from Europe

Writer and Lecturer

Mental Illness — “Yellow Wallpaper”

• men should not have a say in what women do

Androcentric

Male centered

Excessive gendering

society gendered things beyond biological necessity 

Anna Julia Cooper

1858-1964

High school principal who advocated for education of Black people

Wrote a Voice from the South & The Colored Woman’s Office

Jane Addams

1860-1935

Created Hull House

Chicago Women’s School of Sociology

Wrote Democracy and Social Ethics

Ida B. Wells-Barnett 

1862-1931

Race and feminism activism 

Worked against racism in railroads

Wrote the Lynch Law in All Its Phases

Marianne Weber

1870-1954

Use marriage to look at patriarchal distortion of social life

Women are dependent on the man economically when they shouldn’t

Standpoint Theory

Women or other oppressed groups posses knowledge unavailable to the socially prevailed, particularly knowledgeable of social relations.

Patricia Hill Collins

Present Day

Examines the matrix of domination 

Intersectionality

Wrote Black Feminist Thought 

Intersectionality

Gender, race, and class intersect with each other and that plays a role in what they mean in society