ch 14 heart

Of the three layers of the heart wall, the layer that contains the cardiac muscle is the...?

Myocardium

What is PERICARDITIS? | What causes it? | What can it lead to?

Inflamed outer layer of the heart. ; Pericarditis can be caused by damage to the blood vessels (from infection, wound, autoimmune disease, etc)-- -> blood leaks into pericardial cavity ; Pericarditis can lead to pericardial friction rub, adhesions, additional excess fluid in the pericardial cavity, or cardiac tamponade (pressure from fluid in the pericardial cavity which causes improper heart beat). It does NOT cause myocardial infarction.

A penetrating stab wound to the heart wall that causes blood to leak into the pericardial cavity, leading to an improper heart beat is what condition?

CARDIAC TAMPONADE NOTE: this is not the same as having arrhythmia, which is a problem with the SA or AV node. The irregular heartbeat of cardiac tamponade is from a different cause, and treatment is different.

What condition of the heart is caused by bacterial infection, and can damage the valves?

Endocarditis

What structure closes to prevent blood from going from the pulmonary artery back into the right ventricle?

Pulmonary Semilunar Valves

Describe the blood flow into and out of the heart, listing all the structures.

Deoxy blood enters the heart by way of the superior or inferior vena cava and enters into the right atrium, goes past the tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> mitral (bicuspid) valve -> Left ven tricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> rest of body.

The superior and inferior vena cavae open into which chamber?

Right Atrium

What chamber is responsible for generating the largest pressure upon contraction

Left ventricle

Stenosis (blockage) of the mitral valve may cause blood to back up into where?

The pulmonary circulation

What structure is located between the ventricles and the great arteries?

The Semilunar valves

If the beating heart makes a “lubdub” sound, the “dub” sound is caused by what?

Vibrations that result from blood hitting the semilunar valves after they slam shut.

When the Left & Right Ventricles contract at the same time, what is that called? What are the atria doing during this time?

SYSTOLE; -Ventricles contract; -Atria relax

When ventricles are relaxed, it’scalled? What are the atria doing during this time?

DIASTOLE:; -Ventricles rela x; -Atria contract

What valves close at the start of systole? | What valves close at the end of systole? | What are the ventricles doing during systole?

Start of Systole (ventricles start to contract): Closing of the large valves (tricuspid and mitral) ; End of Systole (ventricles are relaxing): Semilunar valves are closed (aortic and pulmonary) Note: Systole means that the ventricles are contracting.

What are the ventricles doing when the semilunar valves close?

The ventricles are relaxing

What are the ventricles doing when the semilunar valves are open?

The ventricles are contracting

What is the most common heart valve disorder?

Mitral valve prolapse

Describe the path that an action potential takes during depolarization of the heart.

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers.

What does the Bundle of His do to the electrical signal pathway?

Slows it down to give the atria a chance to finish contracting.

What is the name of the condition when there is a problem with the SA or AV node which causes an irregular heartbeat? | What is the treatment?

ARRHYTHMIA Treatment is medicines or a pacemaker.

What condition means a heart beat that is too fast? | What condition means a heart beat that is too slow?

Too fast: tachycardia Too slow: bradycardia

What condition is when the ventricles are unable to pump blood efficiently due to rapid, random contraction of cardiac muscle fibers. The muscle doesn’t contract as a unit.

VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION

What is the term for PAIN caused by deficient blood delivery to the heart wall?

Angina

What is ISCHEMIA? | What is the proper term for a heart attack? | Does death occur within a few minutes of a heart attack in 50% of the cases?

ISCHEMIA: Lack of blood/ oxygen Myocardial infarction No, death takes about 2 hours in 50% of the cases.

What are the purposes of the following medicines: | t-PA | Beta blockers | Aspirin | Nitroglycerine

t-PA (dissolves blood clots) ; Beta-blockers (slows heart rate) ; Aspirin (prevents blood clots) ; Nitroglycerine (dilates coronary arteries)

What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, caused by a build-up of calcium deposits in the artery wall; artery cannot expand with blood surges. Tends to be hereditary. ; Atherosclerosis is caused by a build-up of fat in the arteries, from eating fatty foods - -> narrowing of artery --; -> Spasm shut or blood clot. ; Both cause High Blood Pressure, but only atherosclerosis causes myocardial infarctions

What is the difference between an embolism and a thrombis?

A thrombis is a blood clot. An embolism is a piece of blood or fat clot that has broken off and travels in the bloodstream.

What condition results when an embolism lodges: | In a coronary artery? | In the brain?

If the embolism lodges in the coronary arteries - -> myocardial infarct (Heart attack). ; If the embolism lodges in an artery in the brain -- -> stroke

In the lungs?

If the embolism lodges in the lungs- -> pulmonary embolism

What is a procedure to inject dye into the arteries and x-ray to see if there is narrowing (sclerosis) of a vessel? | If an artery is too narrow, what procedure can be performed to open it up?

An ANGIOGRAM An ANGIOPLASTY

What procedure can be done when a Coronary artery has become almost completely blocked from plaques and requires a vessel transplant? | What vessel is used for this procedure?

CORONARY BYPASS. ; saphenous vein

What is a sac-like outpouching of an artery? | What is the result if it is located in the brain, and ruptures?

An eurysm Stroke

Coronary artery disease terms: | -What is ATHEROSCLEROSIS? | -What is Angina Pectoris? | -What is Myocardial infarction? | -What is Silent Ischemia?

Atherosclerosis- Fatty deposits ; Angina pectoris- chest pain ; Myocardial infarction- blocked coronary artery ; Silent ischemia- lack of blood flow that happens to not cause any pain or other symptoms; leads to unexpected heart attack.

What is Congestive Heart failure? | Describe some traits:

Congestive Heart failure: ; Progressive weakening of the heart ; Blood backs up into lungs (may clog up blood) ; Cannot meet the body’s demand for oxygenated blood

What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? Define

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a congenital condition where the walls of the left ventricle are so thick that the lumen is too small to hold much blood.

When does the heart first start beating?

at the end of the fourth week

The foramen ovale in the fetus gives rise to what structure in the adult?

FOSSA OVALIS.