Kinesiology Chapter 2: Skeletal System (slides)

The upright part of the body. 80 bones of the head, thorax, and trunk

Axial Skeleton

attaches to the axial skeleton and contains the 126 bones of the extremities

appendicular skeleton

How many bones in the body?

206

Hard, dense outer shell of bone

Compact bone

spongy, porous inside portion of bone (trabeculae - "little beams" in latin). Arranged in a pattern that resists and supports local stresses and strains, and contains marrow

Cancellous Bone

Area at the end of the bone of a long bone that tends to be wider than the shaft

Epiphysis

Cartilaginous in growing bones, and is the location of longitudinal growth of bones

Epiphyseal plate

Main shaft of the bone

Diaphysis

The center of the diaphysis which is hollow, lightening the weight of the bone

Medullary Canal

Area at the end of the diaphysis that "flares out" toward the epiphysis

Metaphysis

membrane lining the meduallary canal

Endosteum

bone forming cells

osteoblasts

bone resorbing cells

osteoclasts

thin, fibrous membrane covering all bone, except for articular surfaces (articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage)

Periosteum

Area at the end of long bones that receive pressure (compression) from opposing bones that make up the joint and is the source of growth in long bones

Pressure Epiphysis

Where tendons attach to bones. These are areas that are subjected to a pulling/traction force

Traction Epiphysis

Bones that are greater in length than width (humerus, femur)

Long bones

Bones that tend to have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width, giving them a more cuboid shape (carpals/tarsals)

Short bones

Bones that are broad in surface but not very thick (scapulae)

Flat bones

Bones with a variety of mixed shapes (vertebrae)

Irregular bones

Small bones resembling the shape of a sesame seed, which are located where tendons cross the ends of long bones (create mechanical advantage, grooves for tendon travel, ect. Ex: pisiform, patella, groove for flexor halluces longus). Encased in tendon themselves, at times.

Sesamoid bones

The patella is also considered a ___ bone at times

Flat

Broken or cracked bone, characterized by a breakdown in the continuity of the bony cortex caused by a direct force, indirect force, or pathology

Fracture

List the types of fractures:

Transverse, closed, greenstick, hairline, compression

Loss of normal bone density or mass, weakening of the bone

Osteoporosis

Infection of bone often caused by bacteria

Osteomyelitis

Misshapen or slipped epiphysis on diaphysis (proximal head of femur)

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) & Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

Inflammation at traction epiphysis at the tibial tuberosity

Osgood-Schlatter's

A common heel injury in kids. It is due to inflammation (swelling) of the growth plate in the heel (aka calcaneal apophysitis)

Sever's disease