AP US History Princeton Review Unit 1&2 Vocab

City Upon a Hill

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world.

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more indentured servants.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. Mainly used in north american colonies.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Praying Towns

Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be converted to christianity

pre columbian era

The period before Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World

proprietary colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

revivalism

belief in or the promotion of a revival of religious fervor.

royal colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

spanish mission system

Series of Spanish settlements focused on converting American Indians to Catholicism. Many of these missions (San Francisco, San Diego, etc.) were key to economic and social development of the American southwest.

Tarrifs

Taxes on imported goods

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land/rights

the columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

the first great awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

Huron Confederacy

A group of Native American tribes similar to the Iroquois. The French joined them in the fight against the Iroquois. The development of firearms-French resisted selling their guns to them (their allies) so now the Iroquois had an advantage. So, the Iroquois devastated them. Most were incorporated into their own population. Increased Iroquois power, and Iroquois became feared throughout Europe. The Dutch formed an alliance with the Iroquois, which kept other Native Americans from attacking them.

King Philip's War

1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under KIng Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them

pequot war

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

pueblo revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

salem witch trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

spanish armada defeat

Aid of stormy weather. Spanish navy was defeated by the English nav's small, fast ships

1588 defeated philip of spain

the starving time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Jamestown. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Stono Uprising

1739: an insurrection of slaves; about 20 slaves met near the Stono River outside Charleston, South Carolina, they stole guns and ammunition, they killed storekeepers, planters, and liberated a number of slaves. When these rebels were captured, they were executed. As a result of the Stono uprising, many colonies passed more restrictive laws to govern the behavior of slaves

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

calvinists

members of a religion based on the teachings of John Calvin

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Congregationalists

The more extreme Puritans who believed every congregation ought to be autonomous, a law unto itself controlled by neither bishops nor Presbyterian assemblies.

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

John rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

john smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Johnothan Edwards

a member of the clergy who sought to revive the intensity and commitment of the original Puritan vision. Made the sermon "sinners in the hands of an angry god"

Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

Mestizos

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

Metacomet

Native American also known as Prince Phillip who fought against European settlers

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Plains Tribes

Lived on the Great Plains; nomadic peoples; depended mainly on the buffalo for survival. Would provide fierce opposition to the US government. Religion based in spirituality of the natural world.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Powhatan Confederacy

Alliance of Native American tribes living in the region of the initial Virginia settlement. Powhatan, leader of this alliance, tried to live in peace with the English settlers when they arrived in 1607.

Pueblo People

Southwestern conglomeration of tribes including the Hopi, Taos, and Zuni, who lived in today's New Mexico and Arizona

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Seperatists

Those who separate from the Anglican Church of England and the Crown because of a belief that the Church is beyond salvation. Many become migrants to continental Europe or the New World, and sometimes both.

Viginia Company

-english joint stock company

-got a charter from king james I that let them found the virginia colony

Sir Walter Raleigh

Explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Zambos

People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.

Bering Strait

land bridge -- Native Americans crossed this former land bridge from Asia to the Americas, in between alaska and russia

Chesapeake

The region of Virginia and Maryland. In contrast to New England, this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia. 1607

Lower South Colonies

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Massachusets Bay Colony

A colony of primarily puritans. It was not a colony dedicated to religious freedom. City upon a hill, boston area.

Middle Colonies

Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

New England

a region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.

Fundemental Orders of Connecticut

document was the 1st constitution in american colonies. prepared as the new covenant for the new puritan community in connecticut, established in the 1630s. this document described a system of government for the new community.

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Maryland Toleration Act

Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.