ICT

Internet

A global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standard protocols

WWW

The World Wide Web; a system of web pages accessed through the Internet

URL

Uniform Resource Locator; the address used to access a specific webpage

Domain

A human-readable name for a website (e.g. google.com)

IP Address

A unique numerical identifier assigned to a device on a network

DNS

Domain Name System; translates domain names into IP addresses

HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol; rules for transferring web pages over the Internet

Data packets

Small chunks of data sent across a network

Packet switching

A method of sending data in packets that are reassembled at the destination

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be transferred over a network per second

Download

Receiving data from the Internet to your device

Upload

Sending data from your device to the Internet

Broadband

High-speed Internet connection

Wireless connectivity

Connecting to a network without cables (e.g. Wi-Fi)

Buffering

Temporary storage of data while it is being loaded

Bus topology

A network layout where all devices share a single cable

Ring topology

A network layout where each device is connected in a circular loop

Star topology

A network layout where all devices connect to a central device (e.g. switch)

LAN

Local Area Network; a network within a small area like a school or home

WAN

Wide Area Network; a network that covers a large geographical area

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network; a LAN that uses wireless connections

NIC

Network Interface Card; hardware that allows a device to connect to a network

Router

A device that directs data between networks

Hub

A device that sends data to all connected devices

Switch

A device that sends data only to the intended device

Computer model

A simulation of a real-world system using a computer

Data model

A structure that organizes and represents data

Financial model

A spreadsheet used to manage money, budgets, or forecasts

Formula

A calculation using cell references and operators

Function

A predefined formula in a spreadsheet

Absolute cell reference

A fixed cell reference that does not change (e.g. $A$1)

Conditional formatting

Automatically changes cell appearance based on conditions

Data validation

Restricts the type of data entered into a cell

Charts

Visual representations of data (e.g. bar chart, pie chart)

Cell

A single box in a spreadsheet

Row

A horizontal line of cells

Column

A vertical line of cells

Sheet

A page in a spreadsheet file

Label

Text used to describe data

Value

Numerical data in a cell

Range

A group of selected cells

Named range

A range given a specific name for easy reference

=SUM

Adds a range of values

=MAX

Returns the highest value in a range

=MIN

Returns the lowest value in a range

=AVERAGE

Calculates the mean of values

=MEDIAN

Finds the middle value in a dataset

=IF

Performs a logical test and returns different values based on the result

=COUNTIF

Counts cells that meet a specific condition

+

Adds values

-

Subtracts values

x

Multiplies values

/

Divides values

>= Greater than comparison operator

<

Less than comparison operator

"="

Equal to comparison operator

HTML

HyperText Markup Language; used to create web pages

Tags

Markup elements used to structure content in HTML

Content layer

The text and media shown on a webpage (HTML)

Presentation layer

The visual style of a webpage (CSS)

Behaviour layer

Interactive features of a webpage (JavaScript)

CMS

Content Management System; software used to create and manage websites

WYSIWYG

What You See Is What You Get; an editor that shows design as it will appear

Head section

Contains metadata and page information (not visible on page)

Body section

Contains the visible content of a webpage

Style attributes in tags

Inline CSS used to style HTML elements

Sets the title of the webpage

Defines a list item

Creates an ordered (numbered) list

Creates an unordered (bulleted) list

Defines a paragraph

Largest heading

Second-level heading

Flat-file database

A database with one table

Relational database

A database with multiple linked tables

Data validation

Ensures data entered is correct and follows rules

Table

A structure that stores data in rows and columns

Column

A vertical set of fields in a table

Record

A complete set of data about one item (row)

Field

A single piece of data within a record

Query

A request to retrieve specific data from a database

Sorting

Arranging data in order (e.g. A–Z)

Criteria

Conditions used to filter data in a query

Show

Option to display a field in query results

Primary key

A unique identifier for each record

Linked tables Relationships

Connections between tables using keys

Calculated field

A field that performs calculations using other fields

Form

A user-friendly interface for entering and viewing data

Wizard

A tool that guides users step-by-step to create database objects