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Allele
Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Asexual Reproduction
The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes. In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent
Autosomes
A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome
Carriers
In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder.
Chiasma
The x-shaped microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous nonsister chromatids
Clone
A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells
Crossing over
The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis
Diploid cell
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set is inherited from each parent
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given gene
Hybridization
The mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a given gene
Fertilization
The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
Law of independent assortment
Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation
Genotype
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism
Haploid Cell
A cell containing only one set of chromosomes
Law of Segregation
Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation
Linked Genes
Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together
Locus
A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located
Meiosis
A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell
P Generation
The true-breeding parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. P stands for parental
Pedigree
A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations
Phenotype
The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup
Recessive Allele
An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote
Recombinant Chromsomes
A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
Sex Chromosomes
A chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual
Sexual Reproduction
A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes
Synapsis
The paring and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
Trait
One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character
True Breeding
Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination
Variation
Differences between members of the same species
Wildtype
The phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations
Zygote
The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization
